Valuation and Taxation.-The Census valuation of the real and personal property of the State was $207,874,613; the assessors' valuation in 1861 was $147,811,617 16. The State tax of 1861 collected in 1862 was $899,081 90.

RAILROADS.-The State has as yet but three railroads,-viz.: 1. The California Central, 43.8 miles in length, but, we believe, not yet in operation: the cost of this road and equipment is stated at $1,900,000. 2. The Sacramento Valley, 22.5 miles in length, and whose last report (1861) gives the following statement of its condition :-cost of road and equipment, $1,493,850; share capital paid in, $793,850; funded debt, $700,000; gross earnings, $230,251; net earnings, $104,594. 3. The Las Mariposas, a railway 3.7 miles in length, constructed by General Frémont on his mining property at Mariposa, which cost $100,000, and is remarkable for the skill with which it has overcome serious engineering difficulties. There are no State canals; but the canals constructed by private companies for purposes of mining and navigation are of extraordinary extent. In 1859 there were 5726 miles of artificial water-courses constructed for mining-purposes, at a cost of $13,574,400. A single county (El Dorado) had 1160 miles of these canals. These are independent of aqueducts for the supply of water to four or five of the larger towns. They have nearly or quite doubled since that time.

Total...........

..$1,462,690 81

EDUCATION.-There is as yet no State University, though the State received from Congress the usual grant of 46,080 acres of land for its endowment. The greater part of this land has been sold, and the proceeds, constituting the University fund, safely and well invested to accumulate until it shall be sufficient for the establishment of a university of high character. The State has, however, incorporated a sufficiency of colleges, there being no less than 12 in the State, 5 of them in San Francisco. Of the 12, 4 are Roman Catholic, 2 Methodist, 2 Episcopal, 1, each, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, and Baptist, and 1 (City College, San Francisco) not sectarian. There is also a Roman Catholic Theological Seminary, and a medical school (the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific), at San Francisco. Academies and seminaries of high grade for both sexes are established in most of the cities and larger towns.

Statistics of Schools.-According to the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the following were the statistics of the schools of the State for the year ending Sept. 1, 1861:-Number of children in the State under 21 years of age, 107,637; number of children between 4 and 18 years of age, 68,395 (boys, 35,667; girls, 32,728); number of children under 4 years of age, 35,334; number of youths between 18 and 21 years, 3908. Total number of children (under 21) born in California, 59,614

Total number of children attending public schools, boys, 17,512; girls, 14,274; total, 31,786. Average number of pupils in daily attendance, 17,804. Total number children attending all schools, public and private,-public, 31,786; private, 6306. Total, 38,092. Number of school districts in the State, 608; number of public schools in the State, 684; number of private schools in the State, 208. Public school-houses built of brick, 28; public school-houses built of wood, 577; public schoolhouses built of adobe, 15; number of high schools, 2; grammar schools, 38; intermediate schools, 31; mixed schools, 292; primary schools, 321. Number of male teachers employed in public schools, 552; females, 380. Of the teachers employed in the public schools, the number who declare their intention to make teaching a permanent profession is 376. During the school year ending October 31, 1861, the number of schools that kept open for 3 months only was 127; for more than 3 and less than 6 months, 205; for 6 months, 72; for more than 6 and less than 9 months, 122; for 9 months or over, 144. Average number of months during which all the schools were kept open during the year, 6. Number of schools in which less than 25 pupils were taught, 246, more than 25, and less than 50, 232; more than 50, and less than 100, 123; more than 100, and less than 150, 21; more than 150, and less than 200, 2; more than 200, 20. The average salary, per month, paid teachers throughout the State, was $62 35. Average age of the teachers employed in the public schools was 28 years and 6 months, their experience in teaching averaging 4 years and 9 months. Total valuation of school-houses and furniture in the State, $636,418 68. Amount of State school moneys apportioned during the year, $81,461 34. Amount of school fund received from county taxes, $241,882 85. Amount raised by district tax, rate bill, and private subscription, $165,613 02. Total receipts for school purposes, $186,272 64. Amount paid for teachers' salaries, $311,501 01. Expended in erection and repair of school-houses, $101,818 38. Expended for school libraries and apparatus, $2,299 28. Expended for all other purposes, $46,721 39. Total expenses for school purposes, $470,113 56.

School Fund.-In January, 1862, the avails of the school lands sold were $1,038,843, and there were several millions of acres yet unsold. Of the University lands, 39,646 acres had been sold, leaving 6434 acres to be disposed of.

Institution for the Education and Care of the Indigent Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, at San Francisco. This institution was founded in 1859, and in January, 1862, had 33 pupils, of whom 11 had been admitted the previous year. The Legislature had appropriated $20,000, the city of San Francisco $7000, and individuals had contributed $2000 more toward the purchase of grounds and the erection and furnishing of buildings for the institution, and two-wing buildings had been erected,

the main edifice being delayed till the number of pupils in attendance should be such as to require

more room.

INSANE ASYLUM, at Stockton, Dr. W. P. Tilden, Superintendent.-On the 1st of December, 1860, there were in this asylum 417 patients (332 males and 85 females). From that date to April 20 (when there was a change of superintendents), 121 (95 males and 26 females) were admitted, and during the same period 85 were discharged, died, or eloped. On the 20th of April, 1861, when the present Superintendent took charge, there were 453 patients (362 males and 91 females); from that date to December 1, 1861, 198 (159 males and 39 females) were admitted, and 188 (149 males and 39 females) discharged; 33 (30 males and 3 females) died; and 14 (all males) eloped. The whole number remaining, December 1, 1861, was 416, and the average number resident through the year, 434. Of those discharged from April 20 to December 1, 154 were cured, 23 improved, and 11 unimproved; while, as above stated, 33 died. The percentage of recoveries to admissions was 77.77; of recoveries to whole number resident, 35.48; proportion of deaths to whole number resident, 7.60. The per capita annual expense of patients was $152 50. The Superintendent complains in strong terms of the crowded condition of the asylum, and urges the importance of additional buildings, and means of classification, occupation, and amusement for the patients. The asylum, he insists, is now only a prison, and not so well off as some convict prisons. The expenditures, including a little more than $9000 for improvements. &c., were $74.046 00. The receipts were $75,311 31.

State Prison, at San Quentin, W. E. Robinson, Warden.-There were in the prison, January 1, 1861, 554 prisoners; during the year ending January 1, 1862, there were 247 committed, of whom 238 were new prisoners, and 9 escaped prisoners recaptured; 212 in all were discharged, of whom 130 were discharged by expiration of sentence, 34 were pardoned, 35 escaped, 8 died or were killed, 1 was sent to the insane asylum, and 4 were delivered to sheriffs. On the 1st of January, 1862, there were in the prison 589 prisoners. Of these, 87 were committed for murder or manslaughter, 78 for other crimes against the person, 414 for crimes against property, of which 8 were crimes in regard to the currency, and 8 for crimes against society. Sixteen were sentenced for life, and 116 others for terms of 10 years or more, while 76 were sentenced for 1 year or less. Forty-six were not more than 20 years of age when convicted; 256 were natives of the United States, and 333 of foreign countries. Of those natives of the United States, 227 could read, 216 could write, and 29 could neither read nor write. Of those of foreign birth, 140 could read, 120 could read and write, and 141 could neither read nor write. Of the native Californians, 8 could read, 5 could read and write, and 44 could not read or write. The expenditures for the prison.

for in the act authorizing its admission, will be the first. Its area is larger than the combined areas of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois; or, to take contiguous territory, it is equal to New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia. In population it ranks 26th, in density of population 32d, having only 2.01 inhabitants to the square mile. In absolute increase during the last decade it ranks 27th, the opening of the new mining fields of Australia, Frazer's River, Washoe, Colorado, and Salmon and Powder Rivers having drawn off large numbers of its mining-population. In valuation it stands 25th, but should unquestionably stand higher, as much of its extensive improvements for mining-purposes were unrepresented in the Census valuation. Though not to any great extent a farming State, the cash value of its farms reached $46,571,994; and its real estate was assessed in 1861 at $80,966,374. In general manufactures the State is improving. Leather is tanned in large quantities, and is to some extent an article of commerce. The manufacture of harness, boots and shoes, &c. is becoming an important item. Flour, formerly imported in large quantities, is now exported. In 1861 the export of breadstuffs amounted to $3,583,700; of feed grains, to $570,000; of wool and hides, $1,062,250; and of quicksilver, $1,112,654. The total exports, aside from gold, in that year, were $6,988,500. In 1862, the receipts of gold and silver at San Francisco were $49,000,000, of which $36,000,000 was from the interior of the State, $6,000,000 from Washoe, $3,000,400 from Oregon and Washington, $1,500,000 from British Columbia, and $1,900,000 from other sources.

MINING. There are three distinct gold-regions in the State, though the first two are connected by outlying placers and leads. 1st. The Eastern Range, extending from the summit-ridge of the mountains to within about 25 miles of the edge of the plains. In 1859 this district was supposed to possess about 1000 square miles of available mining-territory, including both placers and veins of gold-bearing quartz. 2d. The Middle Placers, situated at about an average distance of 20 miles from the line of the higher foot-hills, and having its western border within about 4 miles of the edge of the plains. This district covers an area of about 6000 square miles, and the mining is mainly gold-washing. 3d. The Valley mines, which are situated among the lower foot-hills of the mountains, and extend thence westward on to the eastern edge of the plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento to an extent of from 3 to 5 miles. These mines extend from north to south a linear distance of about 250 miles. The amount of territory occupied by these mines is probably not less than 6000 square miles. The profitable mining of the deposits in these, as in the Middle placers, has required the construction of extended watercourses for the washing of the gold from the

| sand and gravel. The flood of 1861-62 laid bare many new deposits in this region. The varieties of mining are-Placer mining, which bears considerable analogy to coal-mining in Pennsylvania, adits being driven into the hills, and often through solid rock, to the locality where the gold deposit exists. Hydraulic mining, where a broad, open ditch is carried through the hills, and the sides washed down by directing a powerful stream of water on them. River mining, in which, when the rivers are low, the streams are diverted from their courses by means of flumes, tail-races, &c., and the beds of the rivers thus exposed and their sands washed for gold. This can only be carried on for about six months of the year. Gulch mining, in which a large flume is formed below the surface of the earth in such a manner as to receive all the adjacent streams after being used by the miners. And, lastly, Quartz mining, which requires a considerable investment of capital, but is profitable. In this description of mining the gold-bearing quartz is crushed by powerful stamps, in mills driven by steam, water, or mule power, to the fineness of flour, and then the gold taken up by means of quicksilver by the usual washing process. In January, 1859, there were nearly 300 mills in operation, with an aggregate of 2610 stamps and 519 arastras. The cost of machinery was estimated at $3,270,000. The entire receipts of gold from California at the Mint and its branches up to June 30, 1862, was $528,145,665 91. The estimates of well-informed statisticians give about 20 per cent, additional as the amount shipped direct to England, retained in the State as gold dust, or manufactured, previous to 1857. Since that time, the direct shipment to foreign ports has been somewhat larger; and it would probably vary very little from the fact, if we estimated the entire yield of the California gold-mines to July 1, 1862, at $650,000,000. A recent writer in the Bankers' Magazine, though without giving his data, gives the product of the mines on the Pacific coast, from 1849 to the present time, as $1,047,000,000 in gold and silver; but this is, we think, an over-estimate. But gold is not the only valuable mineral yielded by California. Silver is known to exist, and has been profitably mined in El Dorado, Mariposa, Santa Barbara, and Santa Clara counties; and most of the gold contains a considerable proportion of silver. About $3,000,000 have thus been obtained since the discovery of gold in California. Copper, strongly impregnated with gold and silver, is found in Placer, El Dorado, Shasta, and other counties. Quicksilver in the form of cinnabar is largely produced at the New Almaden, Guadaloupe, Aurora, and other mines, and in 1862, aside from the home consumption, the export of that metal reached the sum of $1,112,654. Iron is found in large quantities and various forms all along the Coast Range-in Placer county in a condition approaching to native iron in purity, and in Mariposa county in the form