for two or three days on a light diet of milk, coffee, soup, and bread; but vegetables should not be taken. On the evening before taking the medicine it is also advisable to give the patient a thorough injection of 1 to 2 quarts of warm water, to which 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls of pure glycerin may be added.

Early the next morning one of the following doses may be taken:

(1) Take 1 to 2 ounces of oil of turpentine + 1 ounce of castor oil, mixed with the white of an egg and some sugar. Take the whole dose at one time, and if a movement of the bowels does not follow within two or three hours, take another dose of castor oil (1 ounce) (Leidy, 1885).

Objection has been raised by some practitioners to the use of oil of turpentine on the ground that it causes an intense burning sensation in the intestine and produces headaches which may last several days.

(2) The most generally useful remedy is the oleo-resin of male fern, which is in reality an ethereal extract of the drug. A half drachm or drachm of the remedy is given in the morning after two days' restriction of diet, and in the evening a brisk cathartic, such as castor oil, should be administered. Sometimes calomel is given in combination with the oleo-resin. The patient should remain abed after the administration of the remedy, to avoid syncope and other effects of large doses of the drug (Pepper, 1894). In overdose, this medicine is a distinct poison; six drachms have caused death.

(3) One or two ounces of pumpkin seeds ground and made into a paste with sugar. Follow in an hour with a dose of castor oil. This is one of the best, cheapest, and safest tapeworm remedies.

(4) Tanret's Pelletierine is very highly recommended but is rather expensive ($2.50 per dose) and often difficult to procure fresh in this country. In case this is taken the instructions which come with the bottle (one dose) must be strictly carried out. Many other remedies could be suggested, but those given above are among the most simple and will suffice for this report.

Whatever anthelmintic is used, the medicine should be procured as fresh as possible. Many failures in treating for parasites are due to the fact that the remedy used has lost its anthelmintic property.

When the parasite is being passed the patient should evacuate into a vessel containing warm water, the object of this being to prevent the worm from breaking or attempting to retain its hold in the intestine in case it is still alive, as it will frequently do if it comes in contact with any cold object. The patient should likewise avoid pulling the worm while it is being expelled, for he is thus liable to break it.

When the movement is completed the stool should be examined thoroughly for the head, for if this has remained in the intestine it will give rise to new segments again, and in about three or four months the patient will discover that he is still infected. If the head is not found upon examination of the stool, it is best not to repeat the treatment until the segments have again appeared, for, as the head is quite small, it may have escaped notice, although present in the stool, and in that case the second treatment would be useless.

Prevention. After what has been said, it is exceedingly easy to see

Male fern and kamala capsules are put up ready for use. each box.

Directions come with

the measures which should be adopted to prevent this disease: (1) Persons should not eat meat in which fresh cysticerci are present; (2) meat in which only a few cysts have been found, but have been cut out, should be thoroughly cooked or salted before eating, or, (3) such beef should lie in cold storage for three weeks at least; (4) cattle and hogs should not have access to human excrements, especially when it is known that persons in the neighborhood have tapeworms; (5) persons should not void their excrements on fields where live stock is feeding. By following out these simple instructions it will not be a difficult task to totally eradicate the tapeworm disease caused by T. saginata and T. solium in man, and the corresponding disease of "measles" caused by the larvae of these worms in cattle and hogs. In fact, it has been noticed in several parts of Europe, where meat is inspected, that certain tapeworms are gradually becoming rarer, owing to the condemnation of meat containing the cysts.

20. Pork Measles (Cysticercus cellulosae) of Man and Swine, and its adult stage, The Armed, or Pork Measle, Tapeworm (Taenia solium) of Man.

[Figs. 75-83.]

Many authors state that the Pork-measle Tapeworm is the common tapeworm of man for the United States, but a careful study of the subject has shown this view to be erroneous.

LARVA (Cysticercus cellulosae).

For anatomical characters, compare figs. 75 and 76 with key, p. 21. SYNONYMY.-Finna Werner, 1786; Taenia hydatigera Fischer, 1788; T. cellulosae Gmelin, 1790; T. finna Gmelin, 1790; Vesicaria hygroma humana Schrank, (-?−); V. finna suilla Schrank, (-?−); V. lobata suilla Fabricius, (-?-); Hydatis finna (Werner) Blumenbach, (-?-); H.humana Blumenbach, (-?-); Taenia muscularis Jördens, 1802; T. hydatigena anomala Steinbuch, (1802); Cysticercus finna (Gmelin) Zeder, 1803; C. cellulosae (Gmelin) Rudolphi, 1808; C. finnus (Gmelin) Laennec, 1812; C. solium Koeberlé, 1861; C. suis Cobbold, 1869; Neotaenia Sodero, (1886); C. cellulosus of several authors; "Cysticerkus" cellulosae of Schneidemühl, 1896.

ANOMALIES.-The names proposed by various authors for these supposed distinct species found in man, especially in the cranial cavity, are more or less descriptive. Hydatis piriformis Fischer, 1789 (=Taenia pyriformis (Fischer) Treutler, 1793-Cysticercus pyriformis (Treutler) Zeder, 1803 = C. Fischerianus Laennec, 1812); Taenia albopunctata Treutler, 1793 (= C. albopunctatus (Treutler) Zeder, 1803=“T. albopunctata hominis Treutler" of Cobbold, 1864); Cysticercus dicystus Laennec, 1812; C. acanthotrias Weinland, 1858; C. turbinatus Koeberlé, 1861; C. melanocephalus Koeberlé, 1861; C. racemosus Heller, 1875 (=C. bothryoides Heller, 1875 [nec Reinitz, 1885] - C. multilocularis Küchenmeister, (-?-); Trachelocampylus Davaine, 1880 (for TrachÉlocampules Fredault, 1847).

HOSTS.-Man, swine, wild boar, and other animals. (See pp. 137-143.)

ADULT (Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758).

For anatomical characters, compare figs. 77-81 with key, p. 84. SYNONYMY.-Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 (after elimination of T. saginata and T. marginata); T. cucurbitina Pallas, 1766 (= T. 8olium Linnaeus, renamed); T. cucurbitina Art [=var.] pellucida Goeze, 1782; T. cucurbitina, plana, pellucida Goeze,

1782; T. solitaria Leske, (1785), pro parte; Halysis solium (Linnaeus) Zeder, 1803; Taenia humana armata Rudolphi, 1810, pro parte (= Brera's, 1802, Tenia armata umana); T. solium Linnaeus of Küchenmeister, 1852; T. hamoloculata Küchenmeister, 1855 (possibly earlier); T. turbinata Koeberlé, 1861; T. (Cystotaenia) solium of Leuckart, 1863; T. tenella Cobbold, 1874 [nec Pallas, 1781]; (?) T.

solium var. minor Guzzardi Asmendo, 1876; T. officinalis Bos, 1894.

ANOMALIES. (?) "Taenia vulgaris" Werner, 1782 [nec Linnaeus, 1758] T. dentata Batsch, 1786; (?) T. fenestrata Chiaje, 1833; T. (Cysticercus) acanthotrias of Leuckart, 1863; (?) T. fenestrata Colin, 1885; T. 8olium fenestrata Colin, 1876; (?) T. fusa, T. continua, T. solium fusa seu continua Colin, 1876; (?) T. scalariforme Notta, 1885 (= T. fenestrata Colin, renamed) = =T. 8olium scalariforme Notta, 1885.

PRE-LINNAEAN NAME.-(?) Taenia degener Spigelius, 1618. BIBLIOGRAPHY.-For bibliography, see Huber, 1892. For technical discussion, see Leuckart (1880, pp. 617-713); R. Blanchard (1886, pp. 382-418).

HOST.-Man. It is an error for the Minnesota State board and the North Carolina Station to record it in dogs.

Life history. The life cycle of the Pork Bladder Worm is exactly the same as that of the Beef Bladder Worm (see p. 72), except that the hog is the intermediate host. The following observations regarding the larval parasite at different ages have been made by various authors:

Nine days after infection.-An oval vesicle 33 μ long by 24 u broad; connective tissue cyst absent. (Mosler.)

Twenty days after infection.-Parasite consists of a delicate, transparent bladder worm about as large as the head of a pin. The anlage (primordium) of the head is represented by a small, indistinct point; surrounding cyst absent. (Gerlach.)

FIG. 76. An isolated Pork-measle Bladder Worm (Cysticercus cellulosae), with extended head, greatly enlarged (original).

Twenty-one days after infection.-Spherical, 0.8 mm. in diameter; slightly attenuate toward the point, showing the anlage (primordium) of the head. (Leuckart.)

Thirty-two days after infection.-Ellipsoid, 1 mm. to 6 mm. long by 0.7 mm. to 2.5 mm. broad. The largest specimens show the excretory system; the anlage (primordium) of the head equatorial; connective tissue cyst very thin.

Forty days after infection.Surrounding cyst still very

delicate; about as large as a mustard seed, or somewhat larger; head very evident, suckers and hooks visible, but not complete. (Gerlach.)

Sixty days after infection.-Size of a pea or slightly larger. When freed from the connective tissue, cyst somewhat renal in form; head as a small, white knob, but without neck; hooks and suckers fully developed. (Gerlach.)

One hundred and ten days after infection.-Neck developed; transverse lines slightly visible; head is invaginated in the

The determination of the age of the parasite is of importance in case that there is a guaranty of freedom from infection. According to Rasmussen the periods of guaranty are: In Prussia, Bavaria, and Austria, 8 days; in certain other parts of Europe, 9, 15, and 21 days; in Baden and Würtemburg, 28 days, and in Saxony, 30 days.

It is generally estimated that three to four months are required for the parasite to complete its development, but as the hooks and suckers are formed after two and a half months it is not impossible that a parasite ten to eleven weeks old would develop into the adult tapeworm if eaten by man; although, according to Gerlach, pork measles less than two months old are not dangerous. The longevity of the bladder worm varies with circumstances, but the factors here concerned are not understood. According to Railliet, cases have been observed in man where the bladder worm has caused severe cerebral troubles for twelve to fifteen years, and it has been observed in the eye for twenty years. The worms may undergo calcareous degeneration very early, but as a rule this does not take place until the cyst is quite old.

The degeneration begins with the capsule and ends with the scolex, and, according to Morot,

may be divided into four stages, FIG. 77.-Several portions of an adult Pork-measle Tape worm (Taenia solium), natural size (original). as follows:

First stage. The capsule shows cheesy, opaque spots, but the fluid is clear, and the scolex is intact.

Second stage.-Both the connective tissue capsule and the bladder cyst become cheesy; hooks are present, but

the suckers more or less degen

AA

FIG. 78.--Large (a) and small (b) hooks of Pork-measle Tapeworm (Taenia solium). X280. (After Leuckart, 1880, p. 661, fig. 293.)

have formed. Ostertag has also shown that the hooks become loose, upon expression of the scolex, only in dead bladder worms.

FIG. 79.-Mature sexual segments of Pork-measle
Tapeworm (Taenia solium), showing the di-
vided ovary on the pore side: cp, cirrus pouch;
gp, genital pore; n, nerve; ov, ovary; t, testi-
cles; tc, transverse canal; ut, uterus; v, vagina;

ve, ventral canal; vd, vas deferens; vg, vitello.
gene gland.
×10. (After Lenckart, 1880, p.
665, fig. 294.)

PORK MEASLES.

The disease in hogs.-The symptoms in hogs are very indefinite, but a diagnosis may sometimes be made by examining the visible mucous membranes of the mouth, particularly under the tongue. See also the same subject for cattle, p. 77.

A heavy infection of measles is more common in hogs than in cattle-a fact easily understood when we recall the feeding habits of the two animals, the comparative size of their bodies, and of their stomachs. From 1884 to 1887, of 5,610 measly

hogs found at the Berlin (Prussia) abattoir, 2,167 were heavily infested, 1,641 had medium infections, and 1,802 were slightly infested. Treatment.-See page 77.

ABATTOIR INSPECTION.

See discussion, page 77. As the Armed Tapeworm is more dangerous to man than the unarmed form, the abattoir inspection for Cysticercus cellulosae is more important from a hygienic standpoint than the inspection for C. bovis.

measle Tapeworm (Tuenia solium) in which the uterus is about half developed. x2. (After Leuckart, 1880, p. 666, fig. 295)

Position of the parasites in hogs.-The Pork- FIG. 80.-Segment of Porkmeasle Bladder Worm is found in the muscles, especially in the abdominal muscles, the muscular portion of the diaphragm, the psoas, tongue, heart, the muscles of mastication, intercostals, muscles of the neck, the adductor of the hind legs, and the pectorals. These parts are shown by fig. 83. Particular stress should be laid