able terms. [6] We are of the opinion that this has been done in the instructions given in the case at bar.

The other points made by appellant we think are without merit.
The judgment is affirmed.

We concur:

BEASLY, J. pro tem.

STURTEVANT, J. pro tem.

LENNON, P. J.

Civil No. 2588. Second Appellate District, Division One. December 9, 1918. GILBERT SCHMIDT, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. SANTA MONICA COMMERCIAL COMPANY (a Corporation), Defendant and Respondent. Civil No. 2589. Second Appellate District, Division One. December 9, 1918 GILBERT SCHMIDT, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. PATTEN & DAVIES LUMBER COMPANY (a Corporation) et al., Defendants and Respondents. Civil No. 2590. Second Appellate District, Division One. December 9, 1918. GILBERT SCHMIDT, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. LOS ANGELES PACIFIC LAND COMPANY (a Corporation) et al., Defendants and Appellants. Civil No. 2591. Second Appellate District, Division One. December 9, 1918. GILBERT SCHMIDT, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. ABRAHAM S. REEL et al., Defendants and Respondents.

[1] STREET LAW-VROOMAN ACT-FORECLOSURE OF LIEN-PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF ASSIGNMENT.-In this action to foreclose a lien for street work performed under public contract, pursuant to provisions of the Vrooman Act, under section 12 of that act, the documents produced in evidence by the plaintiff were sufficient, prima facie, to prove the assignment to him of the contractor's rights.

[2] ID.-SUFFICIENCY OF FINDINGS OF FACT.-In such action, findings of fact that all of the allegations of the complaint are true, and all the allegations of the answer opposed thereto are untrue", constitute a complete decision of all issues of fact in the case where no affirmative defenses were contained in the answer.

[3] ID.-TIME OF SIGNING CONTRACT EVIDENCE ERRONEOUSLY EXCLUDED.—In such action the trial court erroneously excluded evidence tending to prove that the contract and bond were not signed by the contractor until after the work was done.

[4] ID. FAILURE TO SIGN CONTRACT-CORRECTION ON APPEAL-WAIVER OF OBJECTION. It is essential to a valid contract that the contractor must, within due time, affix his signature thereto, and as this is not an error or irregularity that might have been corrected on appeal to the board of trustees, the objection is not waived by failure of the property owner to take such appeal. Appeals from the Superior Court of Los Angeles County-Lewis R. Works, Judge.

For Appellant-Crouch & Crouch.

For Respondents-Tanner, Odell, Odell & Taft.

It has been stipulated that the issues involved in these appeals are identical, and that the cases shall be considered together. Our statement of facts, therefore, will be made from the record in one case only-case number 2588.

In this action the plaintiff seeks to foreclose liens claimed by him for unpaid assessments for work done by the plaintiff's assignor in the due performance of an alleged contract for street improvements on Elena avenue, a public street in the city of Venice. The proceedings in question are

governed by the provisions of "An act to provide for work upon streets, lanes, alleys, courts, places, and sidewalks, and for the construction of cewers within municipalities", approved March 18, 1885, and the amendments thereto-commonly called the Vrooman Act. The proceedings were commenced by a resolution of the board of trustees of the city, adopted on the 4th day of December, 1911. A decree in this action was entered in favor of the plaintiff on the 24th day of December, 1914. Thereafter, a bill of exceptions having been duly settled and allowed, the defendant presented its motion for a new trial, and by order entered on the 25th day of March, 1915, the motion for a new trial was granted. The plaintiff's appeal is from that order.

The grounds upon which respondent claims to be entitled to a new trial are: 1. That the plaintiff did not, at the trial of this action, introduce any evidence tending to prove the assignment to him of the contractor's rights. 2. That the findings of fact were so defective and uncertain as to render the conclusions based thereon "a decision against law". 3. That the assessment on which the judgment was based was void, because no contract was entered into between the street superintendent and the plaintiff's assignor, and because no bond was executed for the performance of the work.

1. [1] Under the terms hereinafter quoted from section 12 of the statute, the documents produced in evidence by the plaintiff were sufficient, prima facie, to prove the assignment. The provisions are that "the contractor or his assignee" may sue, and that those documents are prima facie evidence "of the right of the plaintiff to recover in the action".

2. [2] The findings of fact in this case are "that all of the allegations of the complaint are true, and all of the allegations of the answer opposed thereto are untrue". In view of the fact that there are no affirmative defenses contained in the answer (and assuming without deciding that the objection is, one which may be raised on motion for a new trial), the finding that all of the allegations of the complaint are true is a complete decision of all issues of fact in the case.

3. The plaintiff introduced in evidence the assessment roll, the diagram and certificate of the city engineer mentioned in the complaint, the affidavit of demand and non-payment, and the warrant signed by the street superintendent. No objection is made concerning the form, sufficiency, regularity or effect of said documents, and for that stated reason they were not set out in the bill of exceptions. Section 12 of the statute provides that "the contractor or his assignee may sue, in his own name", to recover the amount of an unpaid assessment; and that those documents "shall be held prima facie evidence of the regularity and correctness of the assessment and of the prior proceedings and acts of the superintendent of streets and city council upon which said warrants, assessment and diagram are based, and like evidence of the right of the plaintiff to recover in the action".

Section 6 provides that "the superintendent of streets is hereby authorized, in his official capacity, to make all written contracts . . . authorized by this act". Section 5 requires that the successful bidder, to whom the contract has been awarded, shall "enter into a written contract" for the work, and at the same time shall execute a bond, with two or more sureties, for the faithful performance of the contract. Section 6% requires that the contractor, before executing the contract, shall file with the superintendent of streets a bond executed by the contractor, with at least two sureties, for the benefit of those who furnish materials to be used in the work, or who perform labor thereon.

At the trial, Charles S. Thatcher, city clerk of the city of Venice, and H. B. Eakins, superintendent of streets, were witnesses for the defendant. Eakins testified that he had made search in his office for any contract between Mr. Mayer (the alleged assignor of plaintiff) and Mr. Beemer as superintendent of streets; that he had not in his office any original records of the proceedings, or any copy of contract or instrument purporting to be a contract between Mayer and Beemer; that he knew of no contract other than the one concerning which Thatcher testified. Beemer was the superintendent of streets in office at the time when the contract is alleged to have been made.

Thatcher, at the date of the trial on December 14, 1914, was city clerk and had been in office during the preceding three years. He identified a document purporting to be a street contract dated February 5, 1912, between Mayer and the street superintendent for street work on Elena avenue. Thatcher testified that this document was a file in his office, and was the only contract or instrument purporting to be a contract between said parties, that he had seen or of which he had any knowledge. By stated questions, and by offers duly made, the defendant's attorhey endeavored to introduce testimony of the witness, to the effect that the said document was never signed by the contractor until October, 1912, after the assessment was made up, and after the warrant was issued; that on the 3d day of October, 1912, the said document and the form of bond appended thereto, were for the first time signed by the contractor; that on the same day Mr. Thatcher, on discovering these facts, drew a line through the signature of Mayer upon the bond and made indelible pencil endorsements upon the contract and upon the bond, to the effect that said signatures were made "when his back was turned", October 3, 1912, 9:40 a. m.; that Mr. Beemer died before this case came on for trial. The defendant offered said document in evidence in connection with the testimony offered. To all of this evidence the plaintiff objected, and the objections were sustained.

The order granting a new trial should be affirmed if the court erred in rejecting this evidence. [3] We are satisfied that it was error, and very prejudicial error. Counsel for appellant state in their brief, that by section 6 of the statute the street superintendent is made the custodian of the contract and is required to keep a book in which the contracts are recorded; and that, therefore, it was incumbent upon respondent to produce the original record, or make proof of its contents, and that this the respondent did not do or offer to do. Section 6 does not contain any such provisions, and we have not found them elsewhere in the statute. While contracts for street work might very reasonably be retained in his office by the street superintendent, yet in the absence of specific statutory direction, no reason appears why they may not (at least by consent of the street superintendent) be kept in the office of the city clerk, who by virtue of his office is the keeper of records of the board of trustees, by whose authorization street-work contracts are made. The evidence offered had a clear tendency to prove that the contract relied upon by appellant was the same document produced by the city clerk, and that it was not signed by the contractor before the work was done; and the same observation applies to the bond.

Appellant tacitly recognizes, as he must, that it is essential to the creation of a valid contract that the contractor must within due time affix his signature thereto. He claims, however, that respondent having failed 10 appeal to the board of trustees, within thirty days after the date of the warrant, and thereby having failed to make any objection to the correctness or legality of the assessment, is in this action estopped from making the

objection that the contract was not signed by the contractor within the proper time.

Section 53 of the statute, as amended in 1911, provides that "no error, irregularity, informality, which does not directly affect the jurisdiction of the city council to order the work or improvement, shall avoid or invalidate such proceedings or any assessment for the cost of the work done thereunder. The exclusive remedy of any person affected or aggrieved thereby shall be by appeal to the city council as herein provided". The cases in which an appeal to the city council may be taken are provided for by section 11 of the same statute. That section says that "the owners, whether named in the assessment or not, the contractor, or his assigns, and all other persons directly interested in any work provided for in this act, or in the assessment, feeling aggrieved by any act or determination of the superintendent of streets in relation thereto, or who claim that the work has not been performed according to the contract in a good and substantial manner, or having or making any objection to the correctness or legality of the assessment or other act, determination, or proceedings of the superintendent of streets", may appeal to the city council within thirty days after the date of the warrant. After notice duly given a hearing shall be had before the city council, which is given very complete authority to remedy and correct errors or informalities in the proceedings. It is then provided that "all the decisions and determinations of said city council, upon notice and hearing as aforesaid, shall be final and conclusive upon all persons entitled to appeal under the provisions of this section, as to all errors, informalities, and irregularities which said city council might have remedied and avoided". In Manning v. Den, 90 Cal. 610, the defendant in an action to foreclose the lien of a street assessment under this act, offered evidence tending to show that the contract was one which the street superintendent attempted to execute at a time when he had not yet acquired power to enter into such contract. It was held that this evidence should have been received by the court, and that any objections to the correctness of the proceedings by reason of the defect above stated were not waived by the failure of the defendant to appeal to the city council. Section 11 was there relied upon by the plaintiff, but the court determined that the defect in question could not have been remedied or avoided by the city council upon any appeal from the assessment. "The provision, in the latter part of section 11, that 'no assessment shall be held invalid except upon appeal to the city council', etc., has no application to a case in which an appeal is not authorized.” The decision in Manning v. Den, supra, has been referred to with approval in subsequent cases, such as Chase v. City Treasurer. 122 Cal. 540; MacLaughlin v. Knobloch, 161 Cal. 676, 682; Imperial Land Co. v. Imperial Irrigation Dist., 173 Cal. 660, 663. We are of the opinion that section 53 of this act does not add to the subjects of appeal to the city council as defined in section 11. [4] It follows that if the defendant in this case is not permitted to introduce evidence for the purpose of showing that the work was done without any contract therefor, it will be deprived of its property without a hearing before any authorized tribunal, and therefore without due process of law.

The several orders granting the motions for new trial in the aboveentitled cases, respectively numbered 2588, 2589, 2590 and 2591, are and each of them is affirmed.

We concur:

JAMES, J.

MYERS, J. pro tem.

CONREY, P. J.

Civil No. 2534. First Appellate District. December 4, 1918. C. H. OTTEN, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. JOHN D. SPRECKELS, Defendant and Appellant.

[1] CONTRACT-NEWSPAPER ROUTE-PROPERTY RIGHT TERMINATION-COMPENSATION FOR Loss.-A contract between an individual and a newspaper owner by which the former purchased from the latter a subscription route, is a contract which creates a property right in the territory described, to deliver papers therein, which cannot be arbitrarily terminated without compensating the route owner for any loss which he might suffer thereby.

[2] ID. TREATMENT OF PAPER ROUTE AS PROPERTY-RIGHT OF CONTRACTING PARTIES.-An individual and a newspaper owner, in contracting for the purchase and sale of a paper route, may treat it as property, and where it is made assignable by the contract, it is so treated.

[3] ID. OMISSION OF LIMITATION AS TO DURATION OF CONTRACT-RIGHT OF REVOCATION NOT CONFERRED.-Where no time of duration is fixed by a contract for the sale and purchase of a paper route, the newspaper owner cannot by reason thereof terminate the contract at will, since a contract of agency coupled with an interest cannot be revoked at will by the principal, without compensating the agent for the damage.

[4] ID. CONDUCT OF ROUTE-FAILURE TO CONFORM TO REASONABLE DIRECTIONS -RIGHT TO TERMINATE CONTRACT-CONFLICT OF EVIDENCE-APPEAL.-Where, in an action for damages by a newspaper route owner against the owner of the paper for damages for breach of contract, the testimony is conflicting as to whether the latter had the right to terminate the contract for failure to conform to reasonable directions as to the conduct of the route, the verdict of the jury is conclusive on the appellate court.

[5] ID. PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACT TO SATISFACTION OF NEWSPAPER OWNERCONSTRUCTION-QUESTION FOR JURY.-In such a contract a stipulation to perform to the satisfaction of the newspaper owner, only calls for such performance as should be satisfactory to a reasonable man, and the question whether such performance has been made, is one for the jury.

[6] ID.-SUFFICIENCY OF CONSIDERATION FOR CONTRACT.-Such a contract is supported by a sufficient consideration, by the mutual promises of the parties and the fulfillment of the contract by the route owner, coupled with the presumption as to a consideration for a written instrument.

Appeal from the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco-John Hunt, Judge.

For Appellant-Samuel M. Shortridge.

For Respondent-Mastick & Partridge.

This action was before the court of appeal for the third appellate district and the opinion in the case will be found in 24 Cal. App.. Reports 251, and to that opinion reference may be made for a preliminary understanding of the case as at present presented. The plaintiff at the trial of the case had offered in evidence a written agreement between himself and the appellant by which he had purchased from the appellant a subscription route of the San Francisco Call newspaper. The trial court had refused to admit this written contract in evidence on the ground of its faulty execution, and it admitted oral evidence of the agreement of the parties for the purchase of the route. A verdict was rendered at the first trial for $8,000, and the trial court thereupon made an order on motion for a new trial that a new trial would be granted unless the plaintiff, Otten, agreed to a reduction of his judg to the sum of $5,000. This Otten refused to do and the new trial was granted. On appeal this order of the trial court was affirmed, and Mr. Justice Hart, who wrote the opinion, took occasion to go into the various questions of law which had been raised at the trial of the case, and, in doing so, indicated that the trial court had been mistaken in refusing to receive in evidence the written contraet, and also laid down certain rules for the guidance of the trial court in other particulars which will be hereinafter noted.