REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the constitutional provision in relation to certain funds? What prohibition in relation to State aids? Name three sources from which the State has derived revenue for the support of the public school system. What is the Education Fund? When was the Common School Fund created? What led to its creation? How was it created? When was the first distribution made? What was the amount of the revenue of this fund at that time? Upon what basis was it apportioned? What were counties required to do to participate in the distribution of this revenue? For what was the money derived from these two sources used? When this amount was insufficient to pay the salary of teachers, how was the balance raised? What was the capital of this fund in 1805? In 1917? What amount does the Legislature annually appropriate from this fund for common schools?

When was the United States Deposit Fund created? By what body? How was it created? What amount did New York State receive? Was this fund given or loaned to the State? Could this money be recalled? What provision does the State constitution make in relation to this fund? What disposition was made of this money in 1857? What officers have charge of this money? How are they chosen? What do they do with this money? In 1858 what amount from the revenue of this fund was appropriated by the State Legislature? For what period was this amount appropriated? What amount has been appropriated since 1881? How is the amount appropriated now used? What caused the reduction in the revenue from this fund?

What is the Free-School Fund? How is the amount annually appropriated determined? When was this fund created? What amount was appropriated that year? In what year was the increase greatest? Why? What increase was made? What was the evident intent of the Legislature when it made this increase? Does the fund do this? How is the deficiency raised? What was the cost of maintaining the school system of the State in the year ending July 31, 1918? How was this money raised? Explain the origin of Gospel and School lands. How was the revenue derived from this source used? Trace the origin and purpose of the literature fund. What constitute the State school moneys?

Upon what basis is an apportionment made to cities and villages for supervision? For what purposes must this money be used? What is necessary to entitle a city, village or district to an allowance for a superintendent? What is a supervision quota?

When is an enumeration of the inhabitants necessary? How is the expense of an enumeration paid? Under whose certificate? When does the Commissioner of Education make the apportionment? What are district quotas? What are teachers' quotas? Upon what basis are district quotas apportioned? What entitles a district to a district quota? May legal holidays be included as any part of the 180 days that schools are required to be taught in order to entitle a district to a quota? May Saturdays? May a school be lawfully in session on a legal holiday? Name the legal holidays in this State. When is a district entitled to more than one quota? How many

quotas may a district receive? On what basis are quotas apportioned to cities? What is the basis of apportionment to a consolidated district? What is the amount of a training class quota?

What is the amount of a quota for a school maintained under the industrial education law? What is the basis of apportionment for a director of agriculture? Of physical training? What additional quota is apportioned each city, town or union free-school district for an academic department? What apportionment to a non-sectarian academy? To a city for approved books? What additional apportionment is made to union free-schoc! districts for books? What to other districts? What apportionment is made nonresident tuition? For attendance? For what purpose must school moneys apportioned by the Commissioner of Education be used? What is the penalty for using them otherwise?

For what reasons may a school district be excluded from participating in an apportionment? How may an allowance be made in such cases? If the apportionment has been made, how may the allowance be made? When may the Commissioner of Education withhold the money due a district or city? What portion may be withheld from a town? When? What authority has the Commissioner of Education in cases where a district or town is not entitled to a quota by reason of having employed an unqualified teacher? How may that which has been wrongly apportioned be reclaimed? What disposition is made of such money when recovered? If such money has been expended and cannot be reclaimed, what should be done? What is done with the money thus deducted?

What is the remedy when a school district has not received its just appor tionment? What if this fund is insufficient? With what officers should the Commissioner of Education file a certificate of his annual apportionment? What certificate should he file of supplemental apportionments? When does the law provide that school moneys shall be payable? To whom?

When do district superintendents apportion school money? What moneys should they first set apart? How do district superintendents ascertain the amount of unexpended moneys in the hands of supervisors? What is done with this money? Are these moneys returned by supervisors? How are such cases adjusted? How do superintendents ascertain the amount of fines and penalties? How should records of these matters be kept? How should such moneys be apportioned?

What certificate must the superintendents file with the county treasurer and the Commissioner of Education? What statement should a superintendent file with supervisors of the towns of his district? What should supervisors do with such statements? How may an erroneous apportionment be corrected? What school districts are entitled to share in an apportionment? What districts are not? From whom does the county treasurer obtain the school money? To whom does the county treasurer pay it? What does that officer do with it?

CHAPTER XVII

COURSES OF STUDY, SUBJECTS INCLUDED, ETC.

HYGIENE

PHYSIOLOGY AND

HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS
INSTRUCTION IN PATRIOTISM AND CITIZENSHIP

[Articles 10, II and 26-26c]

Authority to Adopt Courses of Study.- Under the education law the authority to prescribe courses of study for commonschool districts is given to the trustees of such districts.

The authority to prescribe courses of study for union freeschool districts is given to boards of education of such districts.

Subjects That Must be Included in Such Courses.— There is. no direct provision of law naming the subjects that shall constitute courses of study prepared by trustees and boards of education. The only express provisions of law requiring that any subject shall be taught are those requiring that physiology and hygiene with special reference to the effects of stimulants and narcotics shall be taught in all public schools, physical education, instruction relative to the humane treatment and protection of animals and birds, and instruction in patriotism and citizenship.

The Compulsory Education Law provides that the children who are required by that law to attend upon instruction shall be taught in English in the branches of reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, English language, and geography.

The trustees of each district must include in its course of study these subjects and in addition thereto the subject of physiology and hygiene as required by law, courses of instruction in patriotism and citizenship, physical training and the care and protection of animals and birds; and such subjects must be taught in all public schools.

Other Subjects May be Included.- Trustees and boards of education have the authority to include in their course of study other subjects not named in the preceding paragraphs. In arranging

such courses they should exercise proper discretion. If trustees abuse the power granted them in this respect and include subjects not practical and not for the best educational interests of the district, an appeal should be taken to the Commissioner of Education, who has the authority to order that such subjects shall not be included in a course of study.

Authority of Teachers.— A teacher has no authority in arranging courses of study and cannot direct what studies shall be pursued. This is a matter resting solely with the board of education. Trustees and boards of education generally refer to teachers the preparation of courses of study.

Authority of Parents.- Parents cannot direct what subjects shall be included in a course of study or what subjects their children shall pursue. When a child is admitted to any public school such child must pursue the course of study prescribed by the legal authorities of such school.

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE

[Article 26]

Character of Instruction.- The law provides that the nature of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics and their effects on the human system shall be taught as thoroughly as other subjects are taught in all schools under State control or supported in whole or in part by the public money of the State. Such instruction must also be given in schools connected with reformatory institutions. This instruction must be given in connection with the various divisions of physiology and hygiene.

Who Shall Receive Instruction. The pupils in all schools described in the preceding paragraph who are below the second year of the high school and above the third year of school work, counting from the lowest primary, but not including the kindergarten, or who are in corresponding classes in ungraded schools, must study and must be taught this subject from suitable textbooks. All pupils who come within these provisions must be supplied with suitable textbooks.

All pupils in the three lowest primary school years, not including kindergarten, must receive oral instruction.

Period of Instruction.— The official ruling on the subject has always been as follows:

All pupils above the third year or grade, and below the second year of the high school, must study the subject from suitable textbooks for not less than three lessons a week for ten or more weeks, or the equivalent of the same in each year. This requires thirty lessons during the school year, which may be given at any time in the discretion of the local school authorities. Any plan may be adopted which will complete thirty lessons within the school year.

Where there are nine or more years below the high school, the instruction may be omitted above the eighth year and below the high school.

NOTE.- All pupils in the lowest three primary (not kindergarten) school years shall be instructed in this subject orally for not less than two lessons a week for ten weeks or the equivalent of the same in each year. This requires twenty lessons during each school year, arranged in the discretion of local school authorities.

Textbooks. All textbooks used must be graded to the capacities of fourth year, intermediate, grammar, and high school pupils, or to corresponding classes in ungraded schools. For students below the high-school grade, all textbooks must give at least one-fifth their space, and for pupils of the high-school grade, not less than twenty pages, to the "nature and effects of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics." This subject must be considered in connection with each division of physiology and hygiene. Pages in a separate chapter at the end of a book cannot be considered in determining the minimum pages which a book must contain.

A textbook which does not comply with these provisions cannot legally be used.

Regents' Examinations.-All Regents' examinations in physiology and hygiene must include a proportionate number of questions on the nature of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics and their effects on the human system.

Instruction in Normal School and Training Classes.- All normal schools and training classes in the State must give proper time and attention to the best methods of teaching this subject.

Duty of Teacher. It is the duty of every teacher to teach this subject as required by law, and the Commissioner of Education, on satisfactory evidence that any teacher has willfully refused to teach the subject, is required to revoke the license of such teacher. No teacher can receive a certificate to teach who does not pass a satisfactory examination in the subject and the best methods of teaching it.