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In all types the following conditions must be met:

a. The closet or toilet must be in a room attached to and made a part of the school building.

b. The wall and ceiling of this room must be constructed and finished in like manner as other rooms of the building.

c. The urinals must be constructed of noncorrosive, nonabsorbent material.

d. In all cases the rooms must be well lighted and ventilated. e. Toilet paper, wash bowl or basin and towels (paper towels) must be furnished.

f. Toilet rooms must be heated in all cases where it is practicable to do so.

g. Before constructing sanitary closets, a simple sketch of the rooms and approaches and a description of the closet must be submitted to the State Department of Education for approval. In the last three types named, the following additional conditions must be met:

a. Receptacles must be of ample capacity and must be of noncorrosive and nonabsorbent material.

b. Provision must be made for the ventilation of receptacles by means of ventilators extending through the roof.

c. There must be a thoroughly ventilated approach leading to the closet from the coat room, corridor or hallway of the building.

d. All receptacles must be of a type to be emptied outside of class rooms, recitation rooms, hallways and toilet rooms, and the construction must be such as to facilitate this process.

e. The vaults must be tight so as to render the entrance of flies, mosquitoes and other insects absolutely impossible.

f. Seats must be hinged and made to close automatically. Plumbing.—1. Plumbing must conform to local ordinances where such are in force. Where none exist, commonly accepted. standards as exemplified in city ordinances shall govern.

2. When no sewerage system is available for use, an application must be made to the State Department of Health for approval of a sewage disposal plant, as that department has exclusive jurisdiction over the disposition of sewage.

3. In other than rural communities, both local and general vents must be provided.

4. One seat should be provided for every twenty-five girls and

one seat and one urinal for every forty boys, or a combination seat and urinal for every twenty-five boys. Both seats and urinals should be separated into compartments. Absorbent or corrosive materials cannot be approved for use in the construction of urinals.

Use of School Buildings.-1. The use of a school building in a district or city must be granted for holding any examination or institute appointed therein by the Commissioner of Education. No charge can be made for the use of such building for these purposes but a reasonable allowance may be paid for lighting. heating and janitor service.

2. When a building is not in use for school purposes it may be used on approval of the board of education by persons desiring to give or receive instruction in any branch of education or learning or in the science and practice of music. (See also chapter 10, powers and duties of trustees.)

3. The most comprehensive law enacted in any State in relation to the use of schools, grounds and buildings was enacted by the Legislature of New York in 1913, and amended in 1917.

This law confers upon local school authorities the power to employ persons to supervise and conduct athletic, play-ground and social center activities when authorized by a district meeting. Regularly employed teachers may be paid additional compensation for services rendered in supervising and conducting these activities.

This law further provides for the use of schoolhouses and grounds outside of school hours. Under these provisions of the law school grounds and buildings may be used for social, civic and recreational meetings and entertainments and other uses pertaining to the welfare of the community in general. These meetings must be open to the public, and no fee may be charged unless the proceeds are to be used for an educational or charitable. purpose.

Upon petition of twenty-five or more citizens of a city, union free-school district or town, the board of education is required to organize and conduct community centers for civic purposes and civic forums to promote and advance principles of Americanization. Funds must be provided by local authorities for the maintenance of such centers or forums and such authorities may pre

scribe rules to make the same self-supporting. Such centers and forums must at all times be under the control of the board of education and must be nonexclusive and open to the public. (L. 1917, ch. 214.)

It should be understood that under this provision of the law, school property is not open to the use of a religious denomination, a fraternal, secret or other exclusive society or organization.

A district meeting possesses the power to authorize the use of school buildings for political meetings, and for polling places for primaries and general elections. Under a recent amendment to the Election Law school buildings may be used for election purposes with the consent of the school authorities.

Sale of Liquors Prohibited Near Schoolhouses.- Traffic in liquor is prohibited in a building, yard, booth, or other place which shall be on the same avenue or street and within 200 feet of a building used exclusively as a schoolhouse. The measure ments must be taken in a straight line from the center of the nearest entrance to the building used for such school to the center of the nearest entrance to the place in which such liquor traffic is desired to be carried on. This prohibition, however, does not apply to a place which on the 23d day of March, 1896 was lawfully occupied as a hotel, or in which the traffic in liquors was lawfully carried on or which was in process of construction. (Subdivision 2, section 23, Liquor Tax Law.)

REVIEW QUESTIONS

At

What meeting car. decide upon a site for a schoolhouse? How must such decision be determined? What must the resolution contain? How must the vote be taken? What record must be made? May a district designate more than one site? What must the notice of a special meeting state? How can the site of a school district be improved or enlarged? what meetings? What tax may a district vote in relation to sites? Is there a limit to the amount that can be voted? How is such tax levied and assessed? How may the school site of a district be changed? What property cannot be taken for a site? What disposition is made of the old site and buildings of a district when a change of site has been legally made? How may the title of the district of such property be transferred? When may bond and mortgage be given to protect districts? How is such security held for the district? How may the unpaid money due the district be collected? What disposition must be made of the proceeds of the sale of such property? When may a board designate a site without vote of the district?

What prohibition is there in relation to the location of a schoolhouse? Whose duty is it to keep the schoolhouse in reasonable repair? How much may such officer expend therefor without a vote of the district? Can the district vote a larger amount? If fifty dollars is insufficient and the district has not voted an appropriation, how may the trustee obtain authority for making the needed repairs? What amount may a district superintendent order a trustee to expend? How does a district superintendent give authority to his order? In what particulars should this order be specific? Is there a limit to the amount a district may vote for repairs? When a district superintendent has ordered repairs to school buildings or a district has voted repairs, what is the duty of the trustee? What is the penalty for a failure to do this? What amount may a district vote for erecting a schoolhouse? What limit is there to the amount of tax which a district can levy for this purpose? What action is necessary in order to levy a larger amount? What plans of school buildings must be approved? By whom? State the prohibitions as to approval of plans.

When may a district erect a schoolhouse and pay therefor by installments? How must the vote be taken? How must a tax for such installments be raised? For what period may the payment for the last installment be made? How may a vote authorizing such tax be repealed? By what method may bonds be issued for this purpose? What limit is placed upon the rate of these bonds? What restriction is placed upon the sale of these bonds? What notice of the sale of such bonds must be given? What report of payment, etc., must be made by the trustees? To whom? When? When may a district superintendent condemn a school building? How? What estimate in regard to the expenditure in erecting a schoolhouse should the order of the district superintendent contain? Upon whom must the district superintendent serve such notice? What is the duty of trustees when served with such notice? What power has a meeting in relation to such matters when regularly called? May the district decrease the estimate of the district superintendent? By what amount? May the amount be increased? How much? Within what period should a district vote to build? What is the duty of the trustee if the district takes no action within that time? What tax in this case may a trustee levy without a vote of the district? What are the duties of trustees of common-school districts in relation to insuring school buildings? What of boards of education of union free-school districts? Name three cases in which school buildings may be sold. What is the method of procedure in each case?

What is the duty of school officers in relation to building stairways on the outside of school buildings? What are the requirements for out-buildings in school districts? When a district fails, to vote an appropriation for the purpose of making proper repairs, what amount may the trustee expend? What is the penalty for a failure on the part of the trustee to comply with the law? What is the loss to the district? The responsibility of the trustee to the district? When a district has no out-buildings, what amount may the trustees expend for their erection? Upon whose order?

For what purposes other than school may school buildings be used?

CHAPTER XVI

STATE SCHOOL MONEYS

[Article 18]

Common-School, Literature and the United States Deposit Funds. The capital of the common-school fund, the capital of the literature fund, and the capital of the United States deposit fund shall be respectively preserved inviolate. The revenue of the said common-school fund shall be applied to the support of the common schools; the revenue of the said literature fund shall be applied to the support of academies; and the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars of the revenues of the United States deposit fund shall each year be appropriated to and made part of the capital of the said common school fund. Article IX, section 3, State Constitution.

[Section 1 of article IX of the amended constitution of 1846, without change.]

The manner of the disposition of the common-school fund is left to the Legislature. (Dallas v. Fosdick, 40 How. Pr. 249, 252.) But the Legislature cannot appropriate therefrom for the construction of an astronomical observatory (People ex rel. v. Allen, 42 N. Y. 404); nor for the benefit of a normal school. (Gordon v. Cornes, 47 id. 608.)

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The words " common schools as used in this section mean such schools as are open to all, and not confined to any class. (People v. Board of Education, 13 Barb. 400; People ex rel. v. Crissley, 45 Hun, 19.)

No Aid in Denominational Schools. Neither the State nor any subdivision thereof, shall use its property or credit or any public money, or authorize or permit either to be used, directly or indirectly, in aid or maintenance, other than for examination, or inspection, of any school or institution of learning wholly or in part under the control or direction of any religious denomination, or in which any denominational tenet or doctrine is taught. Article IX, section 4, State Constitution. .

Different Funds.- There are different sources from which money has been derived by the State for the support of the public

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