Christian monasticism

abbey abbot activity Ailred Athos austere Basil became Benedictine Beuron bishops black monks Bursfeld Byzantine canons Canterbury Carthusians Cassian cathedral Catholic cenobitic centre chapter choir Christ Christian church Cistercian Citeaux Clairvaux cloister Cluniac Cluny commendam Compline congregation contemporary countries dormitory early eleventh century England English established exile existence fathers followed foundations founded France French friars Germany Giustina gradually hermits historians holy horarium houses individual influence Italy land Lanfranc later lay-brothers liturgical lived manuscripts Maredsous Mass Maurists medieval middle ages missionary modern world monachism monastery monastic monastic body monastic history monastic order monasticism Monte Cassino observance organisation original Pachomius Peter Peter Damian Peter the Venerable prayer psalms reading recruits refectory reform remained revival Rome rule of St saints scholars Solesmes spiritual St Benedict St Bernard St Ottilien Subiaco teaching time-table tion traditional Trappists twelfth century Vannists vocation vows white monks writing