EXERCISE 44.

Turn the following complex sentences into simple ones, explaining every change that occurs, and giving all the characteristics (ART. 425) of the absolute constructions which you form.

1. Because our time was occupied, we could not see our visitor. 2. We abandoned our journey when a new danger arose. 3. Corn was cheap, so we used it for fuel.

4. When the clouds parted, we saw the sun.

5. When the storm arose, we were driven into the harbor.

6. When the front gave way, the rear guard of his army retreated.

7. Because his money was squandered, he was obliged to go to work again.

8. We retreated when the enemy attacked us.

9. When quiet was restored, the speaker continued his discourse. 10. If the weather permits, we shall start to-morrow.

EXERCISE 45.

Parse all verbs and verbals.

1. Having been promised great wealth, they almost regretted having kept their farms so long, and were annoyed at being compelled to remain upon them longer.

2. The mountain streams went babbling by.

3. It is always safe to learn, even from our enemies.

4.

Let man, who hopes to be forgiven,
Forgive and bless his foe.

5. Making promises is not keeping them.

6. The firm expects to be moving out to-morrow.

7.

Sir Launfal flashed forth in his unscarred mail,

To seek in all climes for the Holy Grail.

8. He was about to return to his native land.

9. Shall you have time to come to bid us farewell?

10. To persevere in one's duty and be silent is the best answer to calumny.

11. The jury believed him to be guilty.

12. The atrocious crime of being a young man I shall attempt neither to palliate nor deny.

13. I suppose it to have been him.

14.

15.

There's never a blade nor a leaf too mean

To be some happy creature's palace.
Beautiful feet are they that go

Swiftly to lighten another's woe.

16. Buying goods on credit has caused him to fail.

17. At the beginning of summer, when the planting was finished, we found the farming population busy with haying.

18. Having often seen him passing, I reasoned that the nest was

near.

19. Leaves have their time to fall.

20. The rain having ceased to fall, we look for a rainbow.

21. I'll have thee hanged to feed the crows.

22. The French having been dispersed in a gale, had to put back to Toulon.

23. The melting Phoebe stood wringing her hands.

CHAPTER XV.

THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH

SENTENCE.

431. The regular constructions of the sentence have now been discussed; but they will be gathered up here, partly in the way of review, and partly as a necessary phase of a scientific treatment of the subject. It is not enough for a pupil to be able to recognize and describe a given construction; he must know all the legitimate ways of expressing thought, that he may constantly choose the best for his purpose, and reject all others.

432. The Subject may be any substantive expression which can embody the subject idea of thought.

2. Any other part of speech used substantively:

Ex. The great are often to be pitied.

Now is the accepted time.

The ins and outs of this machine can be understood only by a mechanic

3. An infinitive (which might be included under 1, but which is something more than a noun).

Ex.

- To say he is a failure is putting it strongly.
Dreaming is not achieving.

4. A phrase.

Ex. Over the Tea-cups is the title of a book.

5. A clause.

Ex. -"What we are," not "what we have," is asked here.

433. The Bare Predicate is as much of a sentence as is required to express the thought-attribute and the copula or thought-relation. It may be:

2. An incomplete verb and its complement.

a. Copula + an attribute complement.
A soft haze was in the atmosphere.

b. Copulative verb + an attribute complement.
Life seemed brighter after this change.

c. Transitive verb + a direct object.
They sold berries.

d. Transitive-copulative verb + an object + an objective
complement.

We will make him our guide.

434. The Modifiers of the Subject are the descriptive or limiting elements of it. They may consist of:

1. An adjective.

Ex. Great oaks from little acorns grow.

2. A possessive noun or pronoun.

Ex. - The man's heart failed him.
Their boats were scattered.

3. A noun or pronoun in apposition.

Ex. The pick, the most important instrument, was forgotten. Alice, she whom we all loved, was taken.

The will to do right is the chief moral element.

435. The Modifiers of the Predicate may scriptive or limiting element of an attribute.

1. An adverb:

a. A Noun expressing measure.

Four times we heard the startling sound.

b. An Infinitive expressing purpose, intent, consequence. We met to contrive some means of raising the debt.

Ex.

We have met that we may become better friends.

436. A Noun in any Construction may take the same modifiers which it can take as subject.

Ex. For these reasons, avowed and secret, no action was taken.