A Survey of European Civilization, Volume 1

administration agricultural ancient Arabs Arianism army Asia Athens attempted Augustus barbarians became began bishops Byzantine Byzantine Empire Carolingian century A.D. Charlemagne Christ Christianity Church cities city-state civilization clergy commerce conquered conquest Constantinople Council court Crusades culture Danube death decline doctrine dominant early East Eastern ecclesiastical economic Egypt emperor England existence feudal forced France Frankish Franks Galerius Gaul German Greece Greek Gregory guilds Hellenistic Holy imperial important industry influence invaders invasions Italy king kingdom land later Latin Lombards lord manorial medieval Mediterranean MEDITERRANEAN SEA merchants Merovingian Middle Ages military monasteries monasticism monks Muslim nobility nobles Odoacer organization Oriental Ostrogoths pagan papacy papal patricians peace peasants period Persian philosophy political pope prosperity provinces reign religion religious remained Roman Empire Rome royal rulers social society spiritual struggle Teutonic tion took towns trade tribes vassal Visigoths wealth West Western Europe