The History of European Liberalism

abstract activity administrative agricultural aristocracy assert autonomy bourgeois bourgeoisie Catholic character Church citizens civil claims common conception conflict consciousness conservative constitutional cracy created crisis degraded demands democracy democratic despotism destroy doctrine economic eighteenth century elements England English equality Essai expression fact feudal forces France freedom French French Revolution function German Hegel historical human idea ideal implies individual industrial interests Italian Italy labour Lamennais land Liberal party liberty limit means ment mind modern monarchy Montesquieu moral movement natural rights nineteenth century opposed opposition organization original outlook parliament personality physiocrats point of view political politique popular sovereignty principle privilege programme protectionism Prussia Radical reactionary Rechtsstaat reform régime relations religion religious representatives Revolution Revolution of 1848 revolutionary Risorgimento Saint-Simonians self-government sense seqq social Society sovereignty Spaventa sphere spirit struggle tendency Third Estate tion tradition tyranny unity vols