14. per devios tramites: over narrow by-paths. Aemili Pauli son of the L. Aemilius Paulus who was brother of the triumvir M. Aemilius Lepidus. The father was proscribed with the consent of Lepidus because he had been one of the senators who voted to declare Lepidus a public enemy for having joined Antony. Allowed to escape to Brutus, he later went to Miletus, where he persisted in remaining even when pardoned by the triumvirs. See App., B. C. IV. 12. 45, 37. 155; Dio XLVII. 6. 3. 15. dolens et quasi, etc. : note coördination with change of construction; see Introd. II. § 10. a and II. § 6. l. ab eo i.e. by Octavian; though Lepidus was really responsible for his proscription, as already noted.

...

18. Post Pompei fugam: after his defeat near Naulochus, in 36 B.C., Sextus fled to Lesbos, where he hoped to find asylum with Antony. Failing of this, he was finally put to death by Titius, an officer of Antony, in 35 B.C. For the details see App., B. C. V. 133. 550-144. 600; Dio XLIX. 17. 1-18. 7.

19. quem ex Africa, etc. summoned from his province of Africa on July first, 36 B.C., Lepidus obeyed orders, but acted independently in taking Lilybaeum and proceeding at his leisure to Messana. Here he entered into treasonable negotiations with Plennius, at that time holding the city against Agrippa. Lepidus was permitted to sack Messana. See App., B. C. V. 122. 504 ff.; Dio XLIX. 11. 2 ff. superbientem, etc.: puffed up with confidence in his twenty legions and claiming the chief rôle for himself by intimidation and threats. Lepidus was now in command of the twelve legions brought with him from Africa and the eight given him by Plennius, Pompey's lieutenant at Lilybaeum. Appian (B. C. V. 123. 509) gives the number as twenty-two of infantry, while Velleius (II. 80. 2) speaks of the number as amplius viginti legionum. The two additional legions, according to Appian (B. C. V. 104. 430 ff.), were the remnant of four fresh legions from Africa that had escaped shipwreck off Lilybaeum. Velleius states that the folly and audacity of Lepidus reached such a pitch that he claimed the entire victory as his own and ordered Octavian to withdraw from Sicily.

21. spoliavit exercitu: his legions were unwilling to enter upon another civil war, were not won over to Lepidus even by the sack of Messana, and hastened to go over to Octavian in a body. See App., B. C. V. 123. 509-126. 523; Dio XLIX. 11. 2-12. 5. supplicem : brought

to his knees. Cf. Vell. II. 80. 4: Lepidus et a militibus et a fortuna desertus pulloque velatus amiculo inter ultimam confluentium ad Caesarem turbam latens genibus eius advolutus est.

22. concessa vita: stripped of all authority and power, Lepidus nevertheless continued to hold the pontifical office until his death; cf. Aug. 31. 1; App., B. C. V. 126. 523; Vell. II. 80. 4. Cerceios. relegavit Circei was an ancient town of Latium at the base of the Mons Circeius, modern Monte Circello, not far from the sea, sometimes selected as a place of banishment because of its isolation. In the imperial law relegatio was the milder form of banishment, without the loss of property or civil status. It was not always 'for life', as it was in this case. Appian, indeed, simply states (B. C. V. 126. 523) that Lepidus was sent to Rome. Dio (LIV. 15. 5 ff.) says, however, that he was summoned to Rome at a later time to be subjected to still greater humiliation.

Chapter 17. Final Rupture between Octavian and Antony. Battle of Actium. Capture of Alexandria. Treatment of Antony's Relatives and Retainers

23. M. Antoni societatem : his alliance with Mark Antony. Note the genitive Antoni and compare page 9, line 4, societatem cum utroque iniit. See Introd. II. § 4. d.

24. male focilatam: with difficulty kept alive. Focilare is a Silver Latin word; cf. Plin., Ep. III. 14. 4, Ipse paucis diebus aegre focilatus decessit. Reconciliations between Octavian and Antony had been effected (1) in the autumn of 43 B.C., following upon Mutina, when the Second Triumvirate was formed; cf. App., B. C. IV. 24 ff.; Dio XLVI. 54. 3–55. 4; (2) in the summer of 40 B.c. (after Perusia and the death of Fulvia), at Brundisium, through the good offices of Maecenas, Pollio and Cocceius, and attended by the betrothal of Octavia to Antony; cf. App., B. C. V. 56. 235-64. 273; Dio XLVIII. 28. 1–30. 2; (3) by the treaty of Tarentum, in 37 B.C., according to the terms of which the Triumvirate was renewed for a second period of five years. Maecenas and Cocceius, already aversos soliti componere amicos (Hor., Sat. I. 5. 29), and Fonteius Capito were sent to negotiate with Antony at this time, but the noble Octavia again rendered striking service to her brother and her truant husband. See App., B. C. V. 93. 387-95. 398; Dio XLVIII. 54. 1 ff.; Plut., Ant. XXXV. abrupit tandem: mutual recriminations between Octavian and Antony ensued upon the humiliation of Lepidus in 36 B.C. and the death of Sextus Pompeius in 35 B.C. The people's disgust grew apace at Antony's mad career of intrigue and treason with Cleopatra, and his brutal treatment of the faithful Octavia. Octavian's successful military exploits, on the contrary, among Illyrians,

Pannonians, Dalmatians and Salassi, no less than his prudent and conservative course of action towards the self-expatriated Antony and his escapades in the Orient, commanded the increasing respect and admiration of the Roman mind. Antony's proposed assignment of eastern kingdoms to his children by Cleopatra and, particularly, his recognition of Caesarion as the legitimate heir of Caesar and Cleopatra were sufficient to arouse Octavian to instant action at the opportune moment. The final rupture occurred when Sosius, consul of 32 в.C., proposed to ratify Antony's acts and inveighed against Octavian in a severe harangue. Octavian's reply of the following day was couched in such terms that the consuls, both adherents of Antony, left for Alexandria, and Antony openly despatched a writ of divorcement to Octavia from Athens. The declaration of war against the Egyptian queen, not the unworthy Roman citizen, followed in due course. See Dio XLIX. 35. 1-38. 4, 41. 1-4; L. 2. 2-3. 5, 6. 1; Plut., Ant. LV-LVI.

25. degenerasse. more: had fallen away from the conduct becoming a citizen. Dio (L. 5. 1 ff.) and Plutarch (Ant. LVIII) mention some of the ways adopted by Antony at Alexandria that were considered particularly un-Roman and degrading. Horace (Epod. IX. 11 ff.) well expresses the horror felt at such indignities to the Roman name. Cleopatra even had hopes of transferring the seat of empire to Alexandria. Cf. Dio L. 4. 1, LI. 15. 4; Hor., Od. I. 37. 6 ff.

26. testamentum: M. Titius and L. Munatius Plancus, deserters from Antony, disclosed the facts relating to Antony's will, which they had witnessed. Their information served as an excuse for searching out the will and making public its contents, the nature of which was such as to relieve Octavian of all censure for his lawless act. Most exasperating of its clauses were those in which Caesarion was alleged to be Caesar's true heir, enormous gifts were assigned to Antony's children by Cleopatra and orders were given that his body be buried at Alexandria beside Cleopatra. See Dio L. 3. 1-5; Plut., Ant. LVIII. quod is Romae, etc. in the keeping of the Vestal Virgins, according to Plutarch (Ant. LVIII), though Dio (L. 3. 3) speaks of him who had it' as if it were in the keeping of some one else. Suetonius, at least, does not state, as Casaubon and Pitiscus supposed was the case, that this was merely a copy of a will made and kept at Alexandria. de Cleopatra liberis: children by Cleopatra; a rare use of this preposition even with participles of birth and origin: see Introd. II. § 5. i. (1). More common is ex; see page 47, lines 27 f., quam ex Ancharia. quos ex Atia tulerat. The children were the twins, Alexander and Cleopatra, and Ptolemy (called Phila

delphus). While deprived at Antony's death of their pretended sovereignties, these children by Cleopatra not only had their lives spared, but were brought up, along with her own and Fulvia's children, by the magnanimous Octavia. See Dio XLIX 41. 3; LI. 15. 6; Plut., Ant. LIV and LXXXVII.

Antony was ad

28. Remisit. . . iudicato: sc. Antonio; although judged a public enemy, he nevertheless sent back to him. When the consuls left Rome immediately after Octavian's reply to their inaugural address in January, 32 B.C., Octavian made it appear that he had voluntarily sent them away and even granted others permission to depart to Antony. Although Antony was not mentioned in the declaration of war against Cleopatra, the attitude towards him at Rome was well understood. See Dio L. 2. 7, 4. 4 f.; App., B. C. IV. 38. 161.

29. necessitudines: kinsfolk; abstract for concrete, a post-Augustan usage: cf. Tib. 11. 5, 50. 1; Tac., Hist. III. 59. See Introd. II. § 2. a.

30. C. Sosium: quaestor in 66 B.C. and praetor in 49 B.C., he became one of Antony's chief lieutenants in the East and governor of Cilicia and Syria. In 37 B.C. he restored Herod to the throne in Jerusalem. For this he celebrated a triumph. He was consul with Domitius in 32 B.C. See Plut., Ant. XXXIV and references in note to abrupit tandem, line 24 above. T. Domitium (Ahenobarbum): an error of the MSS., or mistake of the author, for Cn. Domitium; cf. Dio, XLVIII. 7. 4, L. 2. 2. Though said by Cocceius not to have been one of Caesar's assassins, he is mentioned by Appian (B. C. V. 59. 247) and Dio (XLVIII. 7. 5, 54. 4) among that number; cf. App., B. C. V. 62. 261. He was on the proscription lists of 43-42 B.C., but held out against the triumvirs until after Philippi. A reconciliation was later effected with Antony, with whom he served against the Parthians. Antony's influence was responsible for his being consul with Sosius in 32 B.C. Both consuls fled to Antony, as seen in the note to line 24, above. Like Q. Dellius, desultorem bellorum civilium (Sen., Suas. I. 7), however, he transferred his allegiance to Octavian before Actium and died before the battle. Sosius survived the battle and was granted life and liberty by Octavian. See Dio L. 13. 6, LI. 2. 4. tunc adhuc : etiam tum; cf. Tib. 14. 2, ignota scilicet tunc adhuc Caesarum potestate. 31. Bononiensibus . . . publice: the people of Bononia (modern Bologna) as a community. A distinguished Roman gens might thus act as patron of a colony or of an allied or conquered state and represent its interests at Rome. Thus we read in Tib. 6. 2: ac Lacedaemoniis publice,

quod in tutela Claudiorum erant, demandatus, etc. Dio (L. 6. 3) implies that a colony had been settled at Bononia by Antony.

...

32. gratiam fecit, etc.: excused from taking the oath of allegiance to his party in common with all Italy. Gratia in the sense, 'dispensation', ' release from ', followed by the genitive case is unusual; cf. Tib. 35. 1, Equiti Romano iuris iurandi gratiam fecit, with a following subjunctive clause; Dom. 14. 2, Ut edicti . . . gratiam faceret; Plaut., Rud. 1414 f., iuris iurandi volo gratiam facias. See Introd. II. § 9. c. (2). In Cal. 15. 4 the phrase occurs in the sense of pardon': criminum . . . gratiam fecit. The French 'faire grace de' may be compared. coniurandi pro partibus suis: compare consentire pro partibus on page 51, line 25. Partibus suis can refer only to the party of Octavian; not to Antony's party, as stated in Harper's Lexicon s. v. coniurare, II. Dio's statement (L. 6. 3) that Octavian settled again the population of Bononia in order to have it appear that they were his colonists is hard to reconcile with this assertion of Suetonius, unless we understand Dio to mean that the Bolognese were thus shown a special favor at the same time that they were granted exemption from service with him. But the two accounts may represent entirely opposite views of the situation at Bononia. bon quotes Ovid (Tr. I. 5. 39 f.) in this connection :

Saepe fidem adversis etiam laudavit in armis :

Inque suis amat hanc Caesar, in hoste probat.

Casau

Page 55. 2. apud Actium: September 2, 31 B.C. Actium was a promontory in Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot gulf, at the point (acte) of which stood a temple of Apollo Actius. On the opposite side of the channel into the Ambraciot gulf Augustus later founded his 'City of Victory', Nicopolis; see Aug. 18. 2; cf. Dio LI. 1. 1. For this use of apud see Introd. II. § 5. e. vicit the two squadrons of Octavian's fleet were commanded by Agrippa and Octavian in person; cf. Plut., Ant. LXV. Velleius (II. 85. 2) gives a different and less accurate account of the disposal of the forces. in serum sc. diei or noctis; until a late hour. Plutarch states (Ant. LXVIII) it was at least the tenth hour, 4 P.M., when the forces finally separated; but our author's words may point to a later hour. Serum without a defining genitive, diei or noctis, is found in Livy and Tacitus. Cf. Ner. 22. 2, in serum protrahebatur; Oth. 11. 1, in serum usque patente cubiculo. See Introd. II. § 5. k. (1). (b). dimicatione protracta: the conflict was, naturally, more prolonged by reason of the great disparity between the lighter, swifter galleys of Octavian's fleet and the heavier, more bulky vessels of Antony. Nor did