accurate knowledge of mining costs, methods and reserves in the various known deposits is needed.

Now, the Mining Division can take a hand in several of these districts. For instance, a project in Stillwater and Sweet Grass Counties, Mont., for the prospecting of chromite deposits known to occur in that area, would require the employment of labor for trenching, test pitting, and sampling, the establishment of two camps, with trucks and other equipment, diamond drilling, assaying and administrative expense, but no major developments, such as shaft sinking. The cost in the two areas would be, not including metallurgical research, $118,000. This might be considered as two separate projects, and the average for each project would, therefore, be $59,000.

In Converse County, Wyo., a prospecting campaign of 6 months" duration to explore chromite deposits known to occur in this locality would cost $118,000, which includes all of the kinds of expenditures enumerated in the project just discussed. Much of the work on this project would be locating and disclosing continuations and extensions. of known deposits. In such work a geophysical field party might be a great help in finding areas for excavation of overburden and uncovering the ores. But such work belongs to the Geological Survey.

As to tin, just a word. The Metallurgical Division has made extensive studies of methods for profitably treating pegmatite tin ores such as those of Tinton, S. Dak. The problem here is to recover other minerals which will help carry the milling cost and thereby make it economically feasible to mine and mill the very large tonnages necessary to produce the needed amount of tin. Important progress has been made and further study is indicated. Mining study is called for to determine costs and grade of material which would be mined on a large scale. The mining field party would supply representative samples for metallurgical tests.

There is a project in Lawrence County, S. Dak., which contemplates 6 months' exploratory work on tin deposits known to occur in this area, and the employment of labor for trenching, test pitting, and sampling, purchase of tools, truck, shop, and other equipment, assaying, and 5,000 feet of diamond drilling, would cost $97,400. Dr. F. L. Hess, chief mineralogist of the Bureau, already has considerable knowledge of the region and could effectively guide this work.

Coming now to manganese, the electrolytic method of manganese recovery developed by the Metallurgical Division is ready for a plant test. To be independent of foreign manganese, and if it is desired that the Government produce a stock of the metal, an actual plant of at least 100 tons per day capacity probably should be built and proved operable. Resources of suitable manganese ore should be checked for mining methods and costs.

No great amount of mining work would be necessary, enough to assure an accurate determination of the assay grade of some of the best situated deposits. The estimate for this is $50,000. If, however, it is desired to have an engineering estimate of tonnage reserves, several times this amount might be advantageously used.

Coming now to nickel, the Metallurgical Division has made preliminary studies on the nickel copper deposits near Bunkerville, Nev., and has developed a method which is thought suitable for their treatment with Boulder Dam power. Concentrating and furnace equipment has been installed at the Boulder City electrometallurgical

laboratory to treat several hundred tons of this ore experimentally. Funds for this fiscal year will not permit carrying forward this test but it will be started as soon as funds are available. The extent of these nickel deposits should be determined by drilling and sinking test shafts. This work will provide a more representative sample for the metallurgical tests than is now available. The Mining Division should have the work of opening up these deposits, sampling accessible workings, and shipping accurate samples to the laboratory.

As to antimony: In addition to the antimony now produced in Texas, the only potential supply of consequence is in the Yellow Pine district of Idaho. The Metallurgical Division is investigating methods for the electrometallurgical treatment of this ore which when perfected will make this district a potential source of antimony.

Cobalt as an alloying element has become of great importance in the last few years. No cobalt is at present produced in the United States. Two deposits are known near Fredericktown, Mo., and Goodsprings, Nev., respectively. The Metallurgical Division has developed methods for the treatment of Goodsprings ore to give a marketable product. These methods need larger scale tests and information on potential production of mines and methods for recovery of byproducts are needed.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Are there any questions?

Mr. O'NEAL. Is there any prospective shortage of iron ore in this country in the future?

Dr. FINCH. Not for the present. Of course, the day is approaching when the very best of the iron ores will be exhausted, and when that time comes I think our technological men will find a way to use the poorer ones, and there is an abundance of those.

DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLY OF TIN IN THE UNITED STATES

Mr. SCRUGHAM. There is a final witness. I would like to call on Mr. Frank L. Hess.

For the benefit of the committee, I would like to state that Mr. Hess is looked upon as one of the world's authorities on the so-called strategic minerals. It is especially important to this Nation to develop, if possible, an independent supply of tin, which is now controlled by the British Government almost entirely. It is likewise important to develop the deposits of nickel for the same reason.

Will you state your opinion of the possibilities of developing such supplies within the United States or their possessions?

Mr. Hess. I think that there are only two possibilities of develop Ing tin in the United States in any quantity. Probably the greater possibility for development is in South Dakota, and the particular deposits in South Dakota that seem most promising are those at Tinton. These deposits have been known since the eighties. One of the men connected with them tells me that $1,200,000 had been spent on them up to 1910. Since then I know that $350,000 has been spent on them, and in all that time those tin deposits have never been properly mapped.

The only extensive sampling with which I have had any acquaintance was done by a Cornishman named Thomas Thomas, according to a copy of his report which I have seen- I did not see his original report-claims that there is some tonnage of ore that will carry more

than 1 percent tin, and considerably larger tonnages that will carry from 5 to 12 pounds of tin.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Per ton?

Dr. HESS. Per long ton. A Cornishman always figures in long tons. The copy of his report which I have, is very vague about the extent of the deposits. In a few places that I saw, samples had been cut in a very queer way across the deposits. It did not seem to me that they showed what a sample should show. That is superficial-not detailed observation-and may be unjust, for I saw only a few of his sampling

marks.

Nobody knows, how much tin there is there, or whether that tin is workable, and I think that until someone representing the Government goes in there and samples the deposits again, nobody will know whether or not we have any tin that is worth working.

The only other deposit holding and promise, of which I know, is in western New Mexico, and Dr. Finch can tell you much more about that than I can. It is in the Taylor Creek district. Dr. Finch has told me that on Taylor Creek there are deposits. I am not sure. whether they are stream gravels or alluvial fan debris, but, anyhow, Taylor Creek seems also to be worth sampling, to know whether it contains enough tin to pay for working.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. How about the Alaskan tin deposits?

Mr. HESS. I think that they are too small to amount to much. I am told by Mr. Steven Capps, of the Geological Survey, that at the present time placer deposits are being mined on the southern foot of Tin Mountain, which is just behind Cape Prince of Wales. I have been over the ground, but at the time I saw it, no one knew that there was any tin in it. At the best it can be only a comparatively small deposit.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Is there any commercial production at this time from the Alaskan deposits?

Mr. Hess. Mr. Capps said that they have produced about 100 tons this year.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. What percent of tin would be in that?

Mr. HESS. I think that it probably carries about 70 percent tin. Mr. SCRUGHAM. What will be the requirements of this country in pounds of tin per year under present circumstances?

Mr. HESS. Under present circumstances, as I remember it, our net imports were about 62,000 tons in 1935 and 83,000 tons in 1936. Mr. SCRUGHAM. Per year?

Mr. HESS. Yes. In 1917, under the stress of war, we imported 72,166 short tons of tin.

Mr. O'NEAL. Is there any substitute for tin that can be used in an emergency?

Mr. HESS. Yes; there are substitutes that can be used. For instance, we use 500 tons a year in making tubes for toothpaste and salves and such things, where a good quality of aluminum can be used. Mr. O'NEAL. I am thinking of war materials.

Mr. Hess. I think that many cans can be made out of aluminum and folded instead of being soldered. Dr. Fink, of Columbia University, has invented a process of plating iron with aluminum, exactly as with tin, and if that can be done successfully, and he says that it is successful, we can use it in place of many thousand tons of tin.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Assuming that the known substitutes for tin could be successfully used, by what proportion would that reduce the importation of these 70,000 tons of tin under war-time conditions? Would it be a 10-percent reduction, or 20 percent, or what?

Mr. HESS. If these other things can be used?

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Yes. If successful, what proportion of the supply of tin imported can be substituted?

Mr. Hess. If these things are successful and we use barium instead of tin, or some of the other earth metals as an alloy with lead for bearing metals, and if we can use an aluminum plated steel instead of tin plated, I should say offhand that we could stop the importation of three-fourths of our tin.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. The most vital use for tin is probably in the preservation of foods?

Mr. HESS. Undoubtedly.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Are there any further questions?

Mr. RICH. I would like to ask the Doctor this question. He said that the best tin deposits are in South Dakota, and that there has been spent out there $1,200,000 and then $350,000. That is a million and a half in prospecting. Would it not be advisable for someone to write up the results of the prospecting that has been done out there, for future reference?

Mr. HESS. I think that that information is probably available. There is a little publication that has been gotten out recently by the State Planning Board of South Dakota on the production of tin which epitomizes the whole subject.

Mr. RICH. If you spent 1 million and a half in prospecting as they have out there, it would only be a matter of whether the Government wanted to do it for emergency purposes?

Mr. HESS. I think that that would be most of the value of an investigation.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Mr. Hess, does the same general statement that you made in regard to tin apply to nickel?

Mr. HESS. In Alaska we have deposits of nickel that may be of much potential value for emergency supplies.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Where are they located?

Mr. HESS. On the southeastern Alaskan islands.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. The Aleutian Islands?

Mr. HESS. No, they are on Chichagof and Admiralty Islands west of British Columbia.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Have we any supply within the continental limits of the United States?

Mr. HESS. I do not think that there is anything of any size on the continent.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. Owing to the lateness of the hour, I do not think that we will pursue this inquiry any further at this time, but at some later time we will undoubtedly have a special meeting on the question of the development of these strategic war minerals.

I wish to thank each and every one of the gentlemen present for the patient, conscientious, and careful presentation of their subjects. I think it has been very informative to the committee.

FRIDAY, APRIL 2, 1937.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

STATEMENTS OF ARNO B. CAMMERER, DIRECTOR; A. E. DEMARAY, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR; HILLORY A. TOLSON, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, BRANCH OF OPERATIONS

GENERAL STATEMENT

Mr. SCRUGHAM. We will take up this morning the Nartional Park Service.

Mr. Cammerer, will you make a brief statement as to the Park Service, giving us any information which you think we should have? Mr. CAMMERER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. We are always pleased to appear before the committee and give such information and facts as you desire in connection with the administration of the National Park System.

It has been customary for you committee to permit the National Park Service to insert a statement in the record for the information of the members of the committee and of the Congress, which covers not only a review of the duties of the Service, of the areas administered by the Service, but comparative statistics on financial matters and comparisons of travel to the parks for a number of years, which indicate that we are year by year up against a 30 percent increase in the travel to the parks.

Mr. RICH. You mean people who are planning on traveling?

Mr. CAMMERER. The people who come right into the parks, and they are not particularly neighboring people, but are from all of the States.

Mr. RICH. You are operating those hotels in the parks?

Mr. CAMMERER. Yes, sir; but we do not operate the hotels ourselves. Congress has not authorized us so to do, nor given us the money, so that we have no private capital to go in there and operate them.

Mr. RICH. I hope that you never will.

I

Mr. FITZPATRICK. They are operated in a very fine manner. was in Yellowstone several years ago, and the way that they are operated is a credit to the Federal Government.

Mr. CAMMERER. Thank you. We cannot bat 100 percent, but we do try awfully hard.

Mr. FITZPATRICK. They do everything to please and accommodate the people, and to show them around. It is wonderful.

(The general statement in the justification referred to by the witness is as follows:)

JUSTIFICATION OF ESTIMATES

The National Park Service, as created by act of Congress approved August 25, 1916, and reorganized under Executive order dated June 10, 1933, is charged with the administration of the national parks, national monuments, and allied historic and military areas "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people."

Under the Secretary of the Interior, it now administers 26 national parks, 2 national historical parks, 71 national monuments, 11 national military parks, 10 battlefield sites, 11 national cemeteries, 4 miscellaneous memorials, 8 memorial projects, and public buildings both within and without the District. The National