1 15 percent of total cost. Balance of 85 percent charged to field projects, including those undertaken in cooperation with the States. 223 percent of the estimated cost. Balance of 77 percent charged proportionally to all field projects. The replacement of field instruments worn beyond repair and the purchase of new instruments are not properly chargeable to current field projects. FEDERAL OFFICE PROJECTS For Federal office projects (not related to State cooperation) the expenditures in 1936 were $9,471.16. This was less than anticipated, because the personnel usually engaged on the millionth-scale base map was engaged on the preparation of the transportation-system maps for the Bureau of Public Roads, and on emergency work. During 1936 three control bulletins were prepared for publication. The allotment for 1937 is $14,750, of which $750 has been transferred to the Bureau of Standards for conducting tests in connection with the determination of dimensional changes (shrinkage and expansion factors) in the various types of commercial photographic film and paper used in aerial photography. The allotment provides for a continuation of the preparation of control bulletins to make available for distribution many valuable data resulting from leveling, transit traverse, and triangulation surveys for which the demand continues to be urgent; and for more assistance in the Map Information Office for it to function properly, because of increased responsibilities placed on it by the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps. The estimate under this heading for 1938 is $17,500, which will provide for a partial return of the normal activity in the preparation of the millionth-scale base maps in cooperation with other nations; for continuation of the preparation of control bulletins for publication; for the enlarged activities of the Map Information Office; for the purchase of books for the Survey library; and for the maintenance of field distribution offices. "Federal field projects" are those that include areas with which the States are not directly concerned, but in which the Federal Government has primary administrative, engineering, and economic interests. From the appropriation for the fiscal year 1936 the expenditure for Federal field projects was $124,678.41. In addition, Public Works funds in the total amount of $553,907.42 were expended in 1936 on Federal field projects. (From the same source $95,423.69 was expended in the District of Columbia on the preparation for publication of maps and data resulting from Public Works field surveys for Federal and public use and for purchases of materials, supplies, and equipment for use in connection with field surveys. This amount was expended chiefly on the reduction of accumulated arrearage in the preparation for publication of maps resulting from the Public Works allocation for topographic surveys, and on the compilation and adjustment of control survey data in order that results of surveys already completed in the field may be made available for use. It did not contribute to the mapping of additional areas but releases an accumulation of valuable data for publication and general use.) The expenditures for Federal field projects executed for the Tennessee Valley Authority were $94,185.42 and for the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, $1,386.35. The total expenditure in 1936 for Federal field projects under funds from all sources, excluding the District of Columbia items, was thus $774,157.60). For the fiscal year 1937 that part of the appropriation set aside for Federal field projects is $386,310, of which $358,200 has been allotted and $28,110 is held in reserve for allotment later. In addition, Public Works funds in the total amount of $161,219 are available for completing Federal field projects in progress. (From the same source funds in the amount of $136,862 are available for continuing the preparation for publication of maps and data resulting from the Public Works allocation for topographic surveys. This amount will be expended wholly within the District of Columbia and is chiefly for the purpose of preparing maps for publication and the computation and adjustment of control survey data and their preparation for publication. It will not contribute to the mapping of additional areas.) There are available for continuing Federal field projects to be executed for the Tennessee Valley Authority for this fiscal year funds in the amount of $88,000. Thus, there are available from all sources funds in the amount of $635,529 for the execution of Federal field projects in the fiscal year 1937, exclusive of the District of Columbia item. The estimate for 1938 provides $376,210 for Federal field projects, including $167,000 for topographic mapping in the national forests, $21,000 for Indian reservations, $29,210 for national parks, and $159,000 for base maps for geologic surveys in mineral-bearing areas. In addition, it is anticipated that for 1938 the Tennessee Valley Authority will make available $50,000 for surveys in the Tennessee Valley Basin. No Public Works funds are expected to be available in 1938. The following table referring to the direct Survey appropriation presents the expenditures for 1936, the allotments for 1937, and the estimates for 1938 for specific projects. All areas listed have been requested for prior consideration in the mapping program by one or more Federal organizations. In addition. many priority requests have been filed to which no adequate response can be made. TABLE 6. Summary of Federal field projects-Continued SURVEYS IN NATIONAL PARKS Arizona: Canyon de Chelley National Monument.. Grand Canyon National Monument. California: Sequoia and General Grant National Parks (revision). Colorado Grand Sand Dunes National Monument. Black Canyon of Gunnison National Monument (extension). Montana: Glacier National Park (revision).. Total.. BASE MAPS FOR GEOLOGIC SURVEYS IN MINERAL-BEARING AREAS OF Mr. FITZPATRICK. Topographic surveys is one of your largest items. It is $650,000. Can you explain just what you are doing there, and really the way that is spent? As I understand it, there was some legislation on that at one time, and the Secretary of the Interior made a recommendation to appropriate $4,000,000 a year for a period of about 20 years, making $80,000,000 to get a complete survey. In place of appropriating that amount we are asked to appropriate $650,000, a little over one-seventh, approximately, of the amount recommended or requested. EXPLANATION OF AND NEED FOR ACCELERATING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING Dr. MENDENHALL. Mr. Staack, before I proceed with this, will you let us have an example of one of our topographic maps? Perhaps it will be interesting to some of the members of the committee to see what a topographic map is. I know several members of the committee are familiar with these, but you may not all be. These are examples of the topographic maps which Mr. Fitzpatrick has asked us to discuss. These [indicating] are the mother maps of the country. Wherever they exist all other maps are derived from them. They delineate the surface of the earth in three dimensions, horizontally-north, south, east, and west-and vertically. The brown lines are the contour lines. A contour line on this map marked "3,200 feet" make what would be the shore line of the sea, if the sea were 3,200 feet higher than it is. The contour line marked "3,400 feet" traces the shore line of the sea if the sea were 3,400 feet higher than it is. The interval between contours is 20 feet. Each of those lines represents the position the shore line of the sea would occupy if it stood at the elevation indicated by that line. These contour lines then connect all points of equal elevation throughout the area of the map. Engineers can take such a map and see what the elevation is at the junction of the creek [indicating] and what the elevation is up here [indicating], and also what the elevation is across here to this other stream [indicating], and they measure by virtue of the scale the distances accurately throughout. By reading these contours we have just discussed they can tell just exactly how far this point is above these two points [indicating]. They can select the location for a tunnel, if this should be a tunnel area, and a railroad wanted to drive through, or if an irrigation project were involved. They can tell exactly how far below the surface the tunnel would be throughout its length. From these maps the people who are studying floods can determine exactly what the area of a stream basin is, and, of course, the man-made features are shown, the roads, the towns, the trails, the school houses, the churches, and the dwellings. Those maps are basic to practically all the activities of governments, Federal or local, and of industries that have to do with land or land features; engineering and mining and flood control, and national defense, if I have not already mentioned that. With that $650,000 a year, or thereabouts, we can map about 15,000 square |