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pipes of laundry stoves, large cooking ranges and of furnaces shall be not less than nine inches distant from any woodwork. Where smoke pipes pass through a lath and plaster partition they shall be guarded by galvanized iron ventilated thimbles at least twelve inches larger in diameter than the pipes, or by galvanized iron thimbles built in at least eight inches of brickwork. No smoke pipe shall pass through the roof of any building unless a special permit be first obtained from the Building Department for the same. If a permit is so granted, then the roof through which the smoke pipe passes shall be protected in the following manner: A galvanized iron ventilated thimble of the following dimensions shall be placed; in case of a stovepipe, the diameter of the outside guard shall be not less than twelve inches and the diameter of the inner one, eight inches, and for all furnaces, or where similar large hot fires are used, the diameter of the outside guard shall be not less than eighteen inches and the diameter of the inner one, twelve inches. The smoke-pipe thimbles shall extend from the under side of the ceiling or roof beams to at least nine inches above the roof, and they shall have openings for ventilation at the lower end where the smoke pipes enter, also at the top of the guards above the roof. Where a smoke pipe of a boiler passes through a roof, the same shall be guarded by a ventilated thimble, same as before specified, thirty-six inches larger than the diameter of the smoke pipe of the boiler. Tin or other metal pipes in brick or stone walls, used or intended to be used to convey heated air, shall be covered with brick or stone at least four inches in thickness. Woodwork near hot-air pipes shall be guarded in the following manner: A hot-air pipe shall be placed inside another pipe, one inch larger in diameter, or a metal shield shall be placed not less than one-half inch from the hot-air pipe; the outside pipe or the metal shield shall remain one and one-half inches away from the woodwork and the latter must be tin lined, or in lieu of the above protection, four inches of brickwork may be placed between the hot-air pipe and the woodwork. This shall not prevent the placing of metal lath and plaster directly on the face of hot-air pipes or the placing of woodwork on such metal lath or plaster, provided the distance is not less than seven-eighths of an inch. No vertical hot-air pipe shall be placed in a stud partition, or in a wood inclosure, unless it be at least eight feet distant in a horizontal direction from the furnace. Hot-air pipes in closets shall be double, with a space of one inch between them. Horizontal hot-air pipes shall be placed six inches below the floor beams or ceiling; if the floor beams or ceiling are plastered and protected by a metal shield, then the distance shall be not less than three inches.

Vent flues or ducts for the removal of foul or vitiated air in which the temperature of the air cannot exceed that of the rooms, may be constructed of iron, or other incombus

tible material, and shall not be placed nearer than one inch to any woodwork, and no such pipe shall be used for any other purpose.

In the support or construction of such ducts, if placed in a public school room, no wood furring or other inflammable material shall be nearer than two inches to said flues or ducts, and shall be covered on all sides other than those resting against brick, terra-cotta, or other incombustible material, with metal lath plastered with at least two heavy coats of mortar, and having at least one-half inch air space between the flues or ducts and the lath and plaster. (Id., sec. 68, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 489, as amend.)

§ 69. Steam and Hot Water Heating Pipes.- Steam or hot water heating pipes shall not be placed within two inches of any timber or woodwork, unless the timber or woodwork is protected by a metal shield; then the distance shall be not less than one inch. All steam or hot water heating pipes passing through floors and ceilings or lath and plastered partitions shall be protected by a metal tube one inch larger in diameter than the pipe having a metal cap at the floor, and where they are run in a horizontal direction between a floor and ceiling, a metal shield shall be placed on the under side of the floor over them, and on the sides of wood beams running parallel with said pipe.

All wood boxes or casings inclosing steam or hot water heating pipes and all wood covers to recesses in walls in which steam or hot water heating pipes are placed, shall be lined with metal.

All pipes or ducts used to convey air warmed by steam or hot water shall be of metal or other fireproof material. All steam and hot water pipe coverings shall consist of fireproof materials only. (Id., sec. 69, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 490, as amend.)

Part 11.- General Construction.

§ 70. Ducts for Pipes.- All ducts for pipes, wires, and other similar purposes shall be inclosed on all sides with fireproof material, and the opening through each floor shall be properly fire-stopped. (Id., sec. 70.)

§ 71. Studded-off Spaces.-Where walls are studded-off, the space between the inside face of the wall and the studding shall be fire-stopped with fireproof material placed on the under side of the wood beams above, for a depth of not less than four inches, and be securely supported; or the beams directly over the studded-off space shall be deafened with not less than four inches of fireproof material, which may be laid on boards cut in between the beams. (Id., sec. 71.)

§ 72. Wainscoting.- When wainscoting is used in any building hereafter erected, the surface of the wall or partition behind such wainscoting shall be plastered flush with the grounds and down to the floor line. (Id., sec. 72, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 480, as amend.)

§ 73. Bay, Oriel and Show Windows.- Bay windows, oriel windows and show windows on the street front or side of any building may project not more than one foot beyond the building line and shall be constructed of such materials and in such manner as will meet with the approval of the Department of Buildings.

Any such window that does not extend more than three feet above the second-story floor of any dwelling house may be built of wood covered with metal. (Id., sec. 73, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 495, as amend.)

See cases cited under Bay Window, in G. O., sec. 224.

Part 12.- Stairs and Entrance.

874 Entrance to Basement.- Every dwelling house arranged for or occupied by two or more families above the first story, hereafter erected, shall be provided with an entrance to the basement thereof from the outside of such building. (Id., sec. 74, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 498, as amend.)

§ 75. Stairs, Number Regulated by Area of Building.— In any building hereafter erected to be used as a store, factory, hotel or lodging house, covering a lot area exceeding 2,500 feet and not exceeding 5,000 feet, there shall be provided at least two continuous lines of stairs remote from each other; and every such building shall have at least one continuous line of stairs for each 5,000 feet of lot area covered, or part thereof, in excess of that required for 5,000 feet of area. When any such building covers an area of lot greater than 15,000 feet the number of stairs shall be increased proportionately, or as will meet with the approval of the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction. (Id., sec. 75.)

§ 76. Engineers' Stationary Ladders.- Every building in which boilers or machinery are placed in the cellar or lowest story shall have stationary iron ladders or stairs from such story leading direct to a manhole above on the sidewalk, or other outside exit. (Id., sec. 76.)

§ 77. Slate and Stone Treads of Stairs to be Supported.In all buildings hereafter erected more than seven stories in height, where the treads and landings of iron stairs are of slate, marble or other stone, they shall each be supported directly underneath, for their entire length and width, by an iron plate made solid or having openings not exceeding four inches square in same, of adequate strength and securely fastened to the strings. In case such supporting plates be made solid, the treads may be of oak, not less than one and five-eighths inches thick. (Id., sec. 77.)

Part 13.- Skylights and Floor Lights.

§ 78. Metal Skylights.- All skylights having a superficial area of more than nine square feet, placed in any building, shall have the sashes and frames thereof constructed of iron and glass. Every fireproof roof hereafter placed on any

building shall have, besides the usual scuttle or bulkhead, a skylight or skylights of a superficial area equal to not less than one-fiftieth the superficial area of such fireproof roof. Skylights hereafter placed in public buildings, over any passageway or room of public resort, shall have immediately underneath the glass thereof a wire netting, unless the glass contains a wire netting within itself. (Id., sec. 78, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 494, as amend.)

§ 79. Floor Lights.- Floor lights, used for transmission of light to floors below, shall be constructed of metal frames and bars or plates, and if any glass in same measures more than sixteen square inches, the glass shall be provided with a mesh of wire either in the glass or under the same, and the floor lights shall be of the same proportional strength as the floors in which they are placed. (Id., sec. 79.)

Part 14.- Inclosure and Shed Coverings for the Protection of Pedestrians.

§ 80. Inclosure and Shed Coverings for the Protection of Pedestrians. Whenever buildings shall be erected or increased to over sixty-five feet in height, upon or along any street, the owner, builder or contractor constructing or repairing such buildings shall have erected and maintained during such construction or repair a shed over the sidewalk in front of said premises, extending from building line to curb, the same to be properly, strongly and tightly constructed, so as to protect pedestrians and others using such streets. Whenever outside scaffolds are required to carry on the construction of buildings over eighty-five feet in height, whether the same be constructed by poles or thrust-out scaffold, there shall be erected on its outer edge and ends an inclosure of wire netting of not over two-inch mesh, or of boards not less than three-fourths of an inch thick, placed not over one and one-half inches apart, well secured to uprights not less than two inches by four inches, fastened to planks or timbers, and resting on put logs or thrust outs. The said inclosure shall be carried up at least five feet in advance above the level on which the workmen employed on said front are working. The said thrust outs shall be not less than three by ten, of spruce or yellow pine, and to be doubled or tripled, as may be required for the load to be carried, and to be thoroughly braced and secured; or said timbers can be in one stick, if proportioned to the load. The flooring on thrust outs and put logs shall be tightly constructed with plank. This said floor and inclosure shall not be removed until a like floor and inclosure is already prepared and in position on the story above. In all buildings over eighty-five feet in height, during construction or alteration, the windows on each floor above the second shall be properly inclosed as soon as the story is built. If the walls of such buildings are carried up two stories or

more above the roofs of adjoining buildings, proper means shall be provided and used for the protection of skylights and roofs of such adjoining buildings. The protection over skylights shall be of stout wire netting not over threequarter-inch mesh, on stout timbers, and properly secured. All such sheds and inclosures are to be subject to the inspection of the Department of Buildings. Should said adjoining owner, tenant or lessee refuse to grant permission to have said roofs and skylights so protected, such refusal by said owner, tenant or lessee shall relieve the owner of the building in course of construction from any responsibility for damage done to persons or property on or within the premises affected. Should such inclosure or protection not be so erected, the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction shall cause a notice to be served personally upon the owner, or his authorized agent, constructing or repairing such buildings, or the owner, tenant or lessee of adjoining premises, requiring such inclosure or protection, as provided in this section, specifying the manner in which same shall be erected; and if such inclosures or protection are not erected, strengthened or modified as provided in such notice within three days after the service thereof, the said Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction shall have full power and authority to cause such inclosure to be erected on the fronts and roofs and the skylights protected, and all expenses connected with same may become a lien on the property in interest so inclosed and protected, and which lien may be created and enforced in the same manner as now provided for in section 156 of this Code. (Id., sec. 80.)

Part 15.- Miscellaneous Buildings.

§ 81. Grain Elevators.- Nothing in this Code shall be so construed as to apply to or prevent the erection of what are known as grain elevators, as usually constructed, provided they are erected on tidewater, or adjacent to the river front in said city, in isolated localities, under such conditions as the Department of Buildings may prescribe, including location. (Id., sec. 81, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 484, as amend.)

§ 82. Exhibition Buildings.- Buildings for fair and exhibition purposes, towers for observation purposes and structures for similar uses, whether temporary or permanent in character, shall be constructed in such manner and under such conditions as the Board of Buildings may prescribe. (Id., sec. 82.)

§ 83. Smokehouses.- All smokehouses shall be of fireproof construction, with brick walls, iron doors and brick or metal roofs. An iron guard shall be placed over and three feet above the fire, and the hanging rails shall be of iron. The walls of all smokehouses shall be built up at least three feet higher than the roof of the building in which they are located. (Id., sec. 83.)

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