The Subjunctive with Quamquam and Quamvis 42. Quamquam, which is regularly used with the indicative in writers before the silver age, in Juvenal always takes the subjunctive when joined with a finite verb; as 11. 205 quamquam solida hora supersit ad sextam; 13. 172 sed illic, quamquam eadem adsidue spectentur proelia, ridet nemo. In 4. 60 it is combined with a participle, and in 4. 79 with an adverbial phrase. Tacitus and Pliny the Younger generally use the subjunctive with quamquam. 43. Quamvis, which in the Augustan poets often takes the indicative, is used only with the subjunctive in Juvenal; as 13. 3 improba quamvis gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna. ORDER AND USE OF WORDS Order of Words 44. A word having a common relation to two other words which are joined by a copulative or disjunctive particle generally stands between the first connected word and the particle: (a) A substantive limited by two adjectives or genitives; as 8. 28 rarus civis et egregius; 11. 161 eadem est vini patria atque ministri. (b) A genitive common to two substantives; as 14. 20 Antiphates trepidi laris ac Polyphemus; 14. 109 fallit enim vitium specie virtutis et umbra. (c) A verb common to two substantives; as 3. 286 quem luna solet deducere vel breve lumen candelae; 7. 105 quod lecto gaudet et umbra. (d) The object of two verbs; as 4. 46 quis enim proponere talem aut emere auderet? 15. 150 mutuus ut nos adfectus petere auxilium et praestare iuberet. (e) The common word may also stand after the conjunction; as 14. 299 quod Tagus et rutila volvit Pactolus harena; 13. 219 templum et violati numinis aras. 45. A favorite position for the subject is at the end of the sentence (1.6; 14. 35), and a subject common to both parts of a compound sentence often stands with the last verb at or near the end of the sentence; as 14. 194-195 sed caput intactum buxo naresque pilosas adnotet et grandes miretur Laelius alas. 46. The antecedent often stands in the relative sentence, generally at or near the end; as 3. 267 nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem; 13.94 dummodo vel caecus teneam quos abnego nummos. 47. A substantive and its agreeing adjective may stand : (a) at the beginning and end of the verse; as 10. 168 unus Pellaeo iuveni non sufficit orbis. 10. 182 ipsum conpedibus qui vinxerat Ennosigaeum. (b) at the beginning and end of the second half; as 10. 31 sed facilis cuivis rigidi censura cachinni. (c) at the end of each half; as 10. 178 prandente et madidis cantat quae Sostratus alis. 13. 109 nam cum magna malae superest audacia causae. NOTE. - Such leonine verses, suggestive of rhyme (like those under c), are quite common in Juvenal, and are somewhat frequent in Cicero's hexameters. The same arrangement of words is sometimes found in the Sapphic verse, and in the Asclepiad (e.g. Hor. C. I. 22 and I. 1), and in the dactylic pentameter of the elegiac couplet. 48. Anastrophe. As in all other writers, the preposition cum follows a personal pronoun, but Juvenal never places it after a relative pronoun; as I. IOI vexant limen et ipsi nobiscum; 10. 235 nec vultum agnoscit amici, cum quo praeterita cenavit nocte. In only a few cases do other prepositions follow their nouns or pronouns : (a) a monosyllabic preposition standing between the noun and its modifier: II. 113 litore ab Oceani. (6) dissyllabic prepositions (extra, intra, ultra): 8. 199 haec ultra quid erit nisi ludus? 8. 240 tantum muros intra toga contulit; 14.202 ablegandae Tiberim ultra; 16. 16 miles ne vallum litiget extra; 16. 26 molem aggeris ultra ut veniat. This is a favorite position of the preposition in Lucretius and Tacitus. See Munro on Lucr. 3. 140, and Furneaux's Tac. Ann. Intr. p. 56 (ch. v. § 77). Juvenal never separates the parts of a compound word by tmesis. The Verb 49. Ellipsis of the verb is very common in Juvenal. As in other writers, the substantive verb, especially in the forms est and sunt, is often omitted, not only in principal but also in subordinate sentences; as 3. 180 hic ultra vires habitus nitor; 13. 26 rari quippe boni; 8. 44 'vos humiles,' inquis, 'volgi pars ultima nostri'; 1.1 semper ego auditor tantum? 8.61 nobilis hic, cuius clara fuga ante alios et primus in aequore pulvis. This verb may be omitted in indirect questions; as 7. 141 respicit haec primum qui litigat, an tibi servi octo, decem comites. 50. The verb is frequently omitted for the sake of brevity when it is sufficiently indicated by the qualifying words, as a subject, or object, or a noun with a preposition; as 13. 181 nempe hoc indocti (sc. loquuntur); 5. 56 flos Asiae ante ipsum (sc. stat). 51. The adverbs quo ('to what purpose?') and unde are used without a verb in exclamatory questions with the accusative, or with the infinitive, with or without the dative of the personal pronoun; as 8. 9 effigies quo tot bellatorum? 8. 142 quo mihi te solitum falsas signare tabellas ? 14. 56 unde tibi frontem libertatemque parentis? 14. 135 sed quo divitias haec per tormenta coactas? 15.61 quo tot rixantis milia turbae, si vivunt omnes? Cf. Hor. S. II. 7. 116 unde sagittas? Ep. I. 5. 12 quo mihi fortunam, si non conceditur uti? 52. In phrases introduced by unde, inde, hinc, the verb is almost always omitted; as 1. 150 unde ingenium par materiae? 3. 236 inde caput morbi; 1. 144 hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus. 53. The words of a speaker are introduced without inquit; as 7. 158; 10. 72. 54. In expressions of price the verb denoting the cost or worth is omitted; as 3. 166 magno hospitium miserabile; 8. 258 pluris enim Decii quam quae servantur ab illis. 55. Enallage. When two verbs are connected in coördinate sentences, sometimes the tense or the mode of one is changed for no apparent reason beyond the necessities of the verse; as 1. 155 taeda lucebis in illa et latum media sulcum deducis harena; 7. 185 veniet qui fercula docte conponat, veniet qui pulmentaria condit; 15. 169 quorum non sufficit irae occidisse aliquem, sed pectora bracchia voltum crediderint genus esse cibi. Substantives, Adjectives, and Pronouns 56. Besides verbals in -tor and -trix, other substantives are also used as adjectives; as 3. 110 filia virgo; 4.33 municipes siluros; 14. 271 municipes lagonas; 7. 107 comites libelli; 7. 212 citharoedi magistri; 14. 247 leo alumnus; 15. 22 cum remigibus porcis. This use of substantives is colloquial. It is rather common in Plautus, as servos homo (often), filiola virgo, anus uxores, virago ancilla; but is rare in Augustan writers. 57. Besides the more common substantive uses of adjectives, Juvenal occasionally employs as substantives adjectives in the singular masculine, either in the nominative or in an oblique case; as 3. 240 dives; 3. 145 pauper; 7. 190 felix; 12. 122 aeger; 14. III avarus; 15.79 mortuus; 3. 127, 299 pauperis; 13.55 vetulo. An adjective used in place of a substantive may even be modified by another adjective; as 7. 30 dives avarus; 7.170 veteres caecos. 58. An attribute that properly belongs to a person may be transferred to an object with which that person is closely related, or an instrument by which some action is performed; as 13.93 Isis et irato feriat mea lumina sistro; 8. 248 si lentus pigra muniret castra dolabra. The idea of a person is suggested by the adjective when no person is mentioned: 13.99 quid praestat esuriens Pisaeae ramus olivae? 8. 158 cum pervigiles placet instaurare popinas. 59. An adjective sometimes denotes not a quality belonging to an object, but the effect produced on other objects; as 7. 206 gelidas cicutas (because it brings the chill of death); 4. 58 deformis hiems (ie. which makes the landscape unsightly); cf. Hor. C. I. 5.7 nigris ventis. 60. In order to give prominence to the quality, which would be regularly denoted by an adjective or a genitive of quality, this may be expressed by an abstract noun, limited by the genitive of the thing to which the quality belongs; as 4.81 Crispi iucunda senectus (genial old Crispus); 13. 184 mite Thaletis ingenium (mild-tempered Thales); 5. 11 sordes farris canini (filthy dog-bread); 4. 107 Montani venter (big-bellied Montanus); 4.39 spatium admirabile rhombi (a turbot of wondrous size). Cf. Hor. C. III. 21. 11 prisci Catonis virtus; S. II. 1. 72 mitis sapientia Laeli. Such periphrastic expressions are frequent in Homer. 61. Number. A singular substantive is used for the plural: (a) in a collective sense; as 1. 120 densissima centum quadrantes lectica petit; (b) with an adjective of plural signification; as 4. 47 cum plena et litora multo delatore forent; 3. 142 quam multa magnaque paropside cenat? 3. 232 plurimus aeger. |