in Leather Lane. This place he called "The Stanhope Press." He had purchased the first press made after Lord Stanhope's new pattern, and within fourteen months he bought four more of the same design. One of these presses is still

extant at Took's Court, and it bears, roughly chiseled on its frame, the legend: "STANHOPE INVENTI No. 5, 1804." In 1807 Whittingham shifted the entire business to Goswell Street, but he had not been settled there more than a year or two before he saw his way to a new enterprise.

There

Printer Charles knew the time of day quicker, I think, than any other man of his calling. was not a project afoot that would serve his gentle craft but he had knowledge of it. Did an inven

tion appear by which the apparatus of printing could be urged to a choicer performance, Charles Whittingham was the first to test it. He was an alert man. We have seen that clearly. This quality in him was allied with an ardent love of perfect workmanship. He had the courage of his taste, and with this advantage: that he was no loser by his pioneering. He was as bright at a trade as any of the clerkly in the kingdom; and he had ease of income soon after the century had turned, so that we find him quietly looking for investment, and by that chance was he led to Chiswick.

IDOT, the French printer, brought to England the first device for making paper by machinery. It was the invention of a fellowcountryman, one Louis Robert. At Two Waters in Hertfordshire lived Henry Fourdrinier, an Englishman of Huguenot descent, by occupation a paper-maker, and by some years of trade and greeting a friend of our Charles Whittingham. Didot submitted this invention to Fourdrinier, who vastly improved it; and the first machine-made paper produced in England was sent to Printer Whittingham. There appeared, later on, a genius named Thomas Potts, who had invented a contrivance for extracting the tar from old ships' ropes, and for transforming the

purified junk into material for the paper-makers. Whittingham purchased the patent of the ineuphonious Potts, began the manufacture of paperstock at Chiswick, and appointed the inventor superintendent of works. This enterprise was started in 1809. Potts died in 1811.

Chiswick, a prosperous London suburb, was but a riverside village when our century was young. The new paper-stock works near the ancient church were seven or eight miles from Whittingham's printing-office in the City. Why the fresh venture was made so far afield one can hardly guess, unless the cheapness of rent and the ease and economy of water-carriage determined the choice of position. At any rate, the factory was started in February, 1809, and barge-loads of junk from the dockyards of Woolwich, Sheerness, Plymouth, Chatham, and Portsmouth were thereafter sent regularly up the Thames.

He

Henry Fourdrinier was Whittingham's principal customer in the paper-stock enterprise. took the bulk of the output that came from the Chiswick factory. But events soon made it clear to Whittingham that he must give more time to the business than he had bargained for, so he went to live at Chiswick, leasing the High House on the Mall there, and leaving his London interests in the charge of Robert Rowland, who had been his foreman since 1798. He took Rowland into part