66. Strumpet.] Lupa literally signifies a she-wolf; but an appellation fitly bestowed on common whores or bawds, whose profession led them to support themselves by preying at large on all they could get into their clutches. Hence a brothel was called lupanar. The Romans called all foreigners barbarians.

-A painted mitre.] A sort of turban, worn by the Syrian women as a part of their head-dress, ornamented with painted linen.

67. O Quirinus.] O Romulus, thou great founder of this now degenerate city! See note on 1. 60.

-That rustic of thine.] In the days of Romulus, and under his government, the Romans were an hardy race of shepherds and husbandmen. See sat. ii. 1. 74. and 127. Sat. viii. 1. 274, 5. rough in their dress, and simple in their manners. But, alas! how changed!

-A Grecian dress.]Trechedipna-from gex, to run, and dry, a supper. A kind of garment in which they ran to other people's suppers. AINSW. It was certainly of Greek extraction, and though the form and materials of it are not described, yet we must suppose it of the soft, effeminate, or gaudy kind, very unlike the garb and dress of the ancient rustics of Romulus, and to speak a sad change in the manners of the people. Dryden renders the passage thus:

O Romulus, and father Murs, look down! Your herdsman primitive, your homely clown,

Is turn'd a beau in a loose tawdry gown. 68. Grecian ornaments.] Niceteriarewards for victories, as rings, collars of gold, &c. Prizes. From Gr. xn, victory.

-On his perfumed neck.] Ceromatico collo. The ceroma (Gr. xngwua, from xngos, cera) was an oil tempered with wax, wherein wrestlers anointed themselves.

But what proofs of effeminacy, or depravation, doth the poet set forth in these instances?

Using wrestlers' oil, and wearing on the neck collars of gold, and other insignia of victory, if to be understood li terally, seems but ill to agree with the poet's design, to charge the Romans with a loss of all former hardiness and manliness: therefore we are to understand this line in an ironical sense, meaning, that, instead of wearing collars of gold as tokens of victory, and rewards of courage and activity, their niceteria were trinkets and gewgaws, worn merely as ornaments, suitable to the effeminacy and luxury into which, after the example of the Grecians, Syrians, &c. they were sunk. By the ceroma he must also be understood to mean, that, instead of wrestlers' oil, which was a mere compound of oil and wax, their ceroma was some curious perfumed unguent with which they anointed their persons, their hair particularly, merely out of luxury. See sat. ii. 40-2. Thus Mr. Dryden:

His once unkem'd and horrid locks behold

Stilling sweet oil, his neck enchain'd with gold:

Aping the foreigners in every dress, Which, bought at greater cost, becomes him less.

69. High Sicyon.] An island in the Egean sea, where the ground was very high. The Egean was a part of the Mediterranean sea, near Greece, dividing Europe from Asia. It is now called

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the Archipelago, and by the Turks, the White sea.

69. Amydon.] A city of Macedonia. 70. Andros.] An island and town of Phrygia the Lesser, situate in the Egean

sea.

-Samos.] Ar island in the Ionian sea, west of the bay of Corinth, now under the republic of Venice, now Cephalonie.

-Tralles.] A city of Lesser Asia between Caria and Lydia.

-Alabanda.] A city of Caria in the Lesser Asia.

71. Esquilia.] The mons esquilinus, one of the seven hills in Rome; so called from esculus, a beech-tree, of which many grew upon it. See AINSW.

-The hill named, &c.] The collis viminalis, another of the seven hills on which Rome was built; so called from a wood or grove of osiers which grew upon it. There was an altar there to Jupiter, under the title of Jupiter Viminalis.

These two parts of Rome may stand (by synec.) for Rome itself: or perhaps these were parts of it where these foreigners chiefly settled.

72. The bowels, &c.] Insinuating themselves, by their art and subtlety, into the intimacy of great and noble families, so as to become their confidents and favourites, their vitals as it were, insomuch that, in time, they govern the whole and, in some instances, become their heirs, and thus lords over the family possessions. See sat. ii. 58. notes, The wheedling and flattering of rich people, in order to become their heirs,

are often mentioned in Juvenal; such people were called captatores.

73. A quick wit.] Ingenium velox. Ingenium is a word of many meanings; perhaps, here, joined with velox, it might be rendered, a ready invention.

-Desperate impudence.] That nothing can abash or dismay.

73, 4. Speech ready.] Having words at will.

74. Isæus.] A famous Athenian orator, preceptor of Demosthenes. Torrentior, more copious, flowing with more precipitation and fulness, more like a torrent.

-Say, &c.] Now by the way, my friend, tell me what you imagine such a man to be; I mean of what calling or profession, or what do you think him qualified for?

75. What man, &c.] Well, I'll not puzzle you with guessing, but at once inform you, that, in his own single person, he has brought with him every character that you can imagine: in short, he is a jack of all trades. As the French say, C'est un valet à tout faire. Or, as is said of the Jesuits, Jesuitus est omnis

homo.

76. Anointer.] Aliptes, (from Gr. aλow, to anoint,) he that anointed the wrestlers, and took care of them. AINSW.

77. He knows all things.] Not only what I have mentioned, but so versatile is his genius, that nothing can come amiss to him. There is nothing that he does not pretend to the knowledge of.

78. A hungry Greek.] The diminutive Græculus is sarcastical. q. d. Let my little Grecian be pinched with hunger, he would undertake any thing you bade him, however impossible or improbable; Jike another Dædalus, he would even attempt to fly into the air.

79. In fine, &c.] Ad summum; upon the whole, be it observed, that the Greeks of old were a dexterous people at contrivance; for the attempt at flying was schemed by Dædalus, a native of Athens. No man of any other country has the honour of the invention.

81. The splendid dress.] Conchylia; shell-fish; the liquor thereof made purple, or scarlet colour: called also murex. Conchylium, by meton. signifies the colour itself; also garments dyed therewith, which were very expensive, and worn by the nobility and other great people.

Shall not I fly, fugiam, avoid the very` sight of such garments, when worn by such fellows as these, who are only able to wear them by the wealth which they have gotten by their craft and imposition?

81, 2. Sign before me.] Set his name before mine, as a witness to any deed, &c. which we may be called upon to sign.

82. Supported by a better couch, &c.] The Romans lay on couches at their convivial entertainments; these couches were ornamented more or less, some finer and handsomer than others, which were occupied according to the quality

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of the guests. The middle couch was esteemed the most honourable place, and so in order from thence. this vagabond Greek take place of me at table, says Umbritius, as if he were above me in point of quality and conse quence? As we should say, Shall he sit above me at table? HoR. lib. ii. sat. viii. 1. 20-3. describes an arrangement of the company at table.

83. Brought to Rome.] Advectus; imported from a foreign country, by the same wind, and in the same ship, with prunes, and little figs, from Syria. These were called coctona, or cottana, as supposed, from Heb. 1 little. MART. lib. xiii. 28. parva cottana.

Syria peculiares habet arbores, in ficorum genere. Caricas, et minores ejus generis, quæ coctana vocant. PLIN. lib. xiii. c. 5.

Juvenal means to set forth the low origin of these people; that they, at first, were brought out of Syria to Rome, as dealers in small and contemptible articles. Or he may mean, that as slaves they made a part of the cargo, in one of these little trading vessels. See sat. i. 110, 11.

85. Aventinus, &c.] One of the seven hills of Rome: so called from Avens, a river of the Sabines. AINSW. Umbritius here, with a patriotic indignation at the preference given to foreigners, asks, What! is there no privilege in having drawn our first breath in Rome? no preeminence in being born a citizen of the first city in the world, the conqueror and