As an twenty-five to forty feet per minute, so that and is then called glazed. The general inscarcely two minutes are occupied in con- troduction of steel pens has increased the verting liquid pulp into finished paper, a demand for smooth papers, and has led to result which, by the old process, occupied improvements in finishing them. about seven or eight days. If the machine produce ten lineal yards of paper per minute, or six hundred yards per hour, this is equal to a mile of paper in three hours, or four miles per day of twelve hours. The paper is about fifty-four inches wide, and supposing three hundred machines to be at work on an average twelve hours a day, the aggregate length of web would be equal to 1,200 miles, and the area 3,000,000 square yards. Paper is sent into market in various forms and sizes, according to the use for which it is intended. The following table contains the names and dimensions of various sheets of paper. Foolscap.. Folio post. Demy. Medium. Royal. Super-royal. Imperial.. Medium and half. Royal and half.. Double Medium.. Double super-royal.. .27 42 .32" 44 improvement in the manufacture of paper sized by the machines now in use, it is proposed to conduct the web of paper, after it has been either partially or completely dried, through a trough of cold water, then to pass it through a pair of pressing rollers, and afterward to dry it on reels, or over hot cylinders. The paper which has been thus treated will be found to "bear" much better, and admit of erasures being made on its surface, and written over, without the ink running in the way it does when the paper is sized and dried in the usual manner. It has been found that when paper is dried, after sizing, by the drying machines in present use, the paper is very harsh, and until it stands for some time to get weather (as it is technically termed) great difficulty is experienced in glazing the paper. This inconvenience is proposed to be overcome by passing the paper partially round a hollow cylinder, through which a small stream of cold water is made to run. By this means the heat is carried off, and the paper is rendered more tractable, and brought to a proper state for undergoing the glazing operation. We may describe the modern process of Many of the papers above enumerated paper making, by detailing the operations are made by hand of the exact size indica- as carried on in large mills. The visitor ted, but if made by the machine, the roll goes up to the second story, into a room of paper has to be cut to the required di- some sixty by eighty feet, in which girls are mensions. In order to do this with pre-engaged assorting the rags. Here are nucision and expedition, various cutting ma- merous bales of white rags, foreign and dochines have been contrived, in which the mestic. The imported are linen, the others paper, as it comes from the manufacturing cotton. In the same room these rags are machine, is cut to any size required. Fine cut by a machine, driven by power, which papers are, in many cases, hot-pressed and fits them for the subsequent processes. They glazed. In hot-pressing, a number of stout are next sent into a rotary boiler of about cast iron plates are heated in an oven, and two tuns capacity, into which steam is adthen put into a screw press in alternate mitted, and the rags boiled. Next they are layers, with highly glazed paste-boards, cast down on a floor in the first story, where between which the paper is placed in open they are put into cars, on which they are sheets; and the hard-polished surface of the conveyed to the washing engines. Two pasteboards, aided by the heat and pressure, engines are employed in washing, called rag imparts that beautiful appearance which be- engines. These engines play in tubs of an longs to hot-pressed paper. A yet more oval form, of large capacity, each containing smooth and elegant surface is produced by perhaps 200 lbs. of rags. The impelling the process of glazing. The sheets of paper are power, steam or water, causes the revolution placed separately between very smooth, clean, of a roller, set with knives or bars of cast copper plates. These are then passed through steel inserted in it longitudinally. rollers, which impart a pressure of twenty to roller is suspended on what is called a lighter, thirty tons. After three or four such pres- by which it may be raised or lowered at sures the paper acquires a higher surface, pleasure upon a plate, consisting of bars of This steel, set up edgewise. Passing now between this and the plate, the rags are reduced to fibre. A stream of pure water is then conveyed into the rag engine, and, by means of a cylinder covered with gauze wire, the dirty water is passed off. This cylinder, called a patent washer, is octagonal in shape, some thirty inches in length, revolving in the engine, and having buckets within it, corresponding with the sides of the washer. By this process the rags are washed perfectly clean in from three to six hours. water, and then between a second pair of press-rollers, which remove the mark of the felt from the under surface; and finally it is passed over the surface of cylinders heated by steam, and when it has passed over about thirty lineal feet of heated surface, it is wound upon a reel ready for cutting. Forty years ago three men could by hand manufacture 4,000 sheets in a day. The same number now by the aid of machinery will make 60,000. From the time of the Revolution the quanThe bleaching process is performed by the tity of paper imported has been gradually insertion into this engine of a strong solution decreasing; and before the revision of the of the chloride of lime and some acid, to cause tariff in 1846, had dwindled to perhaps not a reaction. The pulp is then emptied into more than 2 per cent. of the amount conlarge cisterns, covered with the bleach liquor sumed, with the exception of wall papers, of it contains, where it is allowed to remain which large quantities were imported, and from twelve to twenty-four hours to bleach. still continue to be, from France. The imIt is then drained, put into the beating en-portations now of writing and drawing pagine, and reduced to a pulp, the consistency pers and bristol board, consist of consideraof milk, which it much resembles. This ble quantities of thin French and German pulp is emptied into a large cistern, in a paper, mainly for foreign or fancy corresvault beneath, and kept in motion by means pondence, and drawing paper, and bristol of an agitator revolving in it. It is then boards from England, France, and Austria. raised by a lifting pump into a small cistern, The reduced price of machine paper has from which it is drawn off by a cock-which forced almost all manufacturers to abandon is opened more or less, according to the the old method. There were, a few years thickness of the paper intended to be made since, only two mills in operation in the on to a strainer, which removes the knots, United States in which it was made by sand, or hard substances that may damage hand-one in Massachusetts, and one in the paper, and then flows upon a leathern Pennsylvania. There is a limited quantity apron, which conducts it to an endless wire of peculiar kinds, that can be better made cloth, over which the web of paper is form- by hand than on a machine, such as banked. This wire cloth is kept constantly note, laid letter, deed parchments, and such vibrating, which both facilitates the escape as are used for documents that are much of water and the felting together of the handled, and require great strength and fibres of the pulp. The wire cloth, with the durability. Within the last few years some pulp upon it-the edges being protected by improvement has been made in the finish of deckle-straps-passes on until it comes to a writing and printing papers, by the introduccouple of wet-press cylinders, as they are call- tion of iron and paper calenders for the pured, the lower of which is of metal, but cover-pose of giving a smooth surface. The finish ed with a jacket of felting or flannel; the of American papers is now equal to any in upper one is of wood, made hollow, and cov- the world. ered first with mahogany, and then with flannel. These cylinders give the gauze with the pulp upon it a slight pressure, which is repeated upon a second pair of wet-press rolls similar to the first. The paper is then led upon an endless felt or blanket, which travels at exactly the same rate as the wire cloth, while the latter passes under the cylinders, and proceeds to take up a new supply The use of paper in part or wholly for of pulp. The endless felt conveys the paper, collars, cuffs, shirt fronts, &c., &c., has atstill in a very wet state, between cast iron tained its present magnitude almost entirely cylinders, where it undergoes a severe pres- since 1860. It now employs a large capital sure, which rids it of much of the remaining and uses between seven and eight millions The quantity of paper required for the newspaper service of the country is probably 200,000,000 lbs. per annum, which would allow a circulation of 1,000,000,000 sheets. There would remain 300,000,000 lbs. of paper for the service of the book trade, and the trade and publications of the religious societies. of dollars' worth of paper. Its use for build- costs from 9 to 14 cents per pound. In ing purposes is also very large, being coated the preparation of this paper the pattern with a composition and used for sheathing, is first carefully drawn from original designs, in the place of boards; saturated with tar, and then printed. The outlines of the and under the name of roofing felt, made the various tints are made each upon a separate basis of the "felt and gravel roofs;" com- block, made of pear-tree mounted with pine. bined with gypsum and made into blocks The color is contained in sieves, and the for the walls of the rooms; made into pa- blocks thus applied to these are laid upon pier-maché and compressed into doors and the paper, following each other upon the window-sash of great beauty and cheapness, guide-marks left by the previous impressions. and molded into door-knobs and trimmings. It is stated that a paper-hanging exhibited The use of paper-hangings, which has be- at the World's Fair, and representing a chase come so common in the past twenty years, in a forest with birds and animals, was persuperseding hard finish and painted walls, fected by the application of 12,000 blocks. for city dwellings, absorbs a large amount of paper. In Philadelphia the consumption of paper for hangings has been yearly 1,500 tons, or 3,000,000 lbs. The paper used for this pupose is heavy, and comes from the mill in rolls 1,200 yards long, and from 20 to 35 inches wide. It In making what is called flock (shearings of broadcloth) paper, the pattern is printed in size and varnished; the wool then being sifted on the varnished pattern, adheres to it. The census of 1860 gave the localities of the paper mills and their comparative importance as follows: 112 Increase.............. $6,048,337 $6,048,337 2,684 1,442 $1,269,420 $11,029,625 There were produced in these 555 paper those made of oakum, hemp rope and bagmills, in 1860, 131,508,000 pounds of print-ging, &c., were not enumerated. During ing paper, 22,268,000 pounds of writing the war, the price of paper rose more than paper, 33,379 tons of wrapping paper, and one hundred per cent., and though it has 8,150 tons of straw boards. The mills since declined almost to the old prices, the which manufacture tarred boards, that is, production in 1869 was 780 million pounds. WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES. ploy it; and 4th, the demand for the goods. This latter existed to a considerable extent, on certain conditions, among which was, that it should come within the means of the consumers. There does not appear to have been much scarcity of wool, since home-made goods were generally used. There was an absence, however, of capital, and of that skilled labor which is always the result of extensive experience in the same employment. There came great numbers of artisans from Europe, and it was stated that 30,000 weavers left Ulster in 1774. The war came, peace succeeded, and the new government was formed in 1791; on which occasion, Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, made his famous report on manufactures. He stated, that of woollen goods, hats only had reached maturity, and supplied the demand. At Hartford, a mill for cloths and cassimeres was in operation, and produced excellent wares, under the circumstances; but he remarked, that "it was doubtful if American wool was fit for fine cloths." The quality of wool grown in the country must, since then, have changed very much, since the American wool is used entirely for the fine goods, and the imported wools only are used for carpets and coarse manufactures. The manufacture of cloths did not progress rapidly, since we find that, in 1810, according to the report of the Treasury department, ordered by Congress, the manufacture of wool was still mostly in families. The progress of the manufacture, according to that report, has been as fol THE manufacture of woollen, or any other goods, having been prohibited in the colonies under that harsh principle which prompted the Earl of Chatham to exclaim that the "colonists had no right to manufacture so much as a horse-shoe nail," much progress could not have been expected. Nevertheless, progress was made, since the home manufacture of woollen cloth became very general. The people spun and wove their own cloth, and the merchant found little sale for the imported article. The oppressions of the home government were continued, until finally, in 1765, a society was started in New York with great zeal, not only repudiating all foreign goods, but taking measures to encourage the home manufacture of cloth from sheep's wool, and from all other materials. This was very popular; and an agreement was extensively entered into, in order to encourage the growth of wool, to eat no mutton or lamb, and to purchase no meat of any butcher who should kill a sheep or lamb. The economist of the present day will smile at such a mode of encouraging the farmer to keep sheep, viz.: by cutting off his market for the mutton. Nevertheless, it showed zeal. Manufactures are not, however, to be established by resolution. For their development there are necessary, 1st, the supply of skilled labor; 2d, the material for its use; 3d, the capital to em- lows:— This value, in 1810, was nearly all in fam- | two cards held in the hands of the operator, ilies, and the figures subsequently are the who continued to card until the wool was product of regular manufactures as the busi- formed into a long roll, which was then spun ness progressed. The family manufacture upon the single spindle, driven by the wheel was necessarily of a rude description. The that the busy hand of the housewife kept in wool, being washed, was carded between motion. There are many still living who |