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2. To establish rules for the management of the prisons. 3. To determine the number of employees for each prison. 4. To purchase supplies for the prisons.

5. To grant paroles to prisoners for good conduct. The directors appoint a parole officer and certain assistants to keep track of prisoners on parole. These prisoners are responsible to the directors until their terms have expired, and must report to the parole officer once a month. The directors may cancel the parole of any prisoner at any time and order him back to prison.

6. To provide for the employment of prisoners. A factory for making jute bags is operated at San Quentin and a rock crusher at Folsom. The legislature of 1911 provided for the manufacture, at the two prisons, of furniture, materials, and supplies to be sold to the state as well as to counties, cities, and school districts for use in their public institutions. Machinery was soon installed at San Quentin, and this prison, which had previously cost the state over $300,000 a year, is now partially self-supporting. Machinery is soon to be installed at Folsom (1913).

164. The Bureau of Criminal Identification. 1-The bureau of criminal identification is in the charge of a director, who is appointed by the board of prison directors to serve during the pleasure of the board. The board must provide an office for the director and furnish him with sufficient help. His salary is $1800 a year. His most important duties are as follows:

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1. So far as possible to collect and keep on file in his office, photographs, measurements, finger print records, and descriptions of all persons who have been convicted and imprisoned, or otherwise punished, for crimes committed " in this or any other state, territory, or

1 Statutes of 1905, page 520.

2 For some time the office was in San Francisco, but it has recently been removed to San Quentin prison.

possession, of the United States of America." These items of infor mation are obtained from United States prison authorities, and from prison authorities, jail keepers, and police departments of this and other states. Every Saturday all such items of information relative to persons who have been discharged during the week must be sent to the office of the director from every prison and other penal institution in this state.

2. To furnish any information on file in his office relative to any person, on the request of any of the proper federal authorities, or of the proper authorities of any city or county of this or any other state.

165. State Reform Schools.1 California has two reform schools: one at Whittier near Los Angeles, and one near Ione, Amador county. The Whittier state school is a general school for boys between the ages of seven and sixteen, and for girls between the ages of seven and twentyone. The school at Ione is known as the Preston School of Industry, and is for boys between the ages of eight and twenty-one. No person is committed to either school who is over eighteen years of age. All commitments must be by the superior or juvenile courts, and must be made in every case after some crime or other delinquency has been proved (§ 210).

In 1913, the land, buildings, and other property of the two reform schools represented an investment of over $1,000,000. The legislature is required to appropriate over $250,000 each year for the support of these two institutions. In March, 1912, there were detained at the Preston school 404 boys, and 299 were out on parole; and at the same time there were at the Whittier school 247 boys and 44 girls, with a total of 313 on parole.

The legislature of 1913 provided for a third reform school which is to be for girls only, and to which all the girls in the Whittier school are to be removed. This school is to be under the control of

five trustees appointed by the governor. They are to select and

1 Statutes of 1889, page 111; Statutes of 1893, page 39.

purchase a site for the school, and the department of engineering is to put up necessary buildings.

The two schools at Whittier and Ione are each under the control of a board of three trustees appointed by the governor. The appointment in the case of the Whittier board must be confirmed by the senate. The term of office is four years, and they serve without pay. The board of the Preston School of Industry appoints a superintendent, a military inspector, a parole officer, and a secretary. The superintendent appoints, such other employees as the board directs. The board of the Whittier school appoints a superintendent, a parole officer, and all other assistants and employees. The superintendent of each school is its chief executive officer, and manages the institution according to the rules and regulations adopted by the boards of trustees.

166. The Institution for the Deaf and the Blind.1. This institution is housed in a fine group of brick buildings located in Berkeley. The land, buildings, and other property are equal in value to about $1,150,000. The maintenance of the institution costs the state nearly $100,000 a year. The institution is a school for deaf, dumb, and blind residents of the state, "of suitable age and capacity." Room, board, and instruction are furnished free of charge, and even clothing is supplied to those who are unable to clothe themselves. There are about one hundred girls and somewhat more than that number of boys at the school.

The institution is under the control of a board of five trustees who are appointed by the governor with the approval of the senate, to serve four years without pay.

1 Political Code, § 2236 seq.

The trustees establish rules and regulations for the institution, and appoint the principal, teachers, matrons, janitors, and all other employees.

167. The Industrial Home for the Adult Blind.1 - This institution is located in Oakland. The land, buildings, and other property represent an investment of over $175,000. It costs the state about $40,000 a year to maintain this institution. The home was established to furnish instruction in certain trades to adult blind people, to provide a home for those who desire to remain as workmen after they have learned trades, and to furnish a home for aged blind people who are unable to work. No charge is made for instruction, and aged blind people in indigent circumstances are given a home free of charge. Ablebodied men and women who live at the home and work in the factories pay a small amount for their maintenance but they receive wages for their work. Manufacturing brooms and brushes and reseating chairs are about the only kinds of work so far undertaken at the home. The receipts from this source amount to something over $25,000 a year. The number of persons living at the home in March, 1912, was 117, of whom 22 were women.

The home is under the control of a board of five trustees, who are appointed by the governor to serve during his pleasure. They receive no compensation. They appoint a superintendent, a secretary, and other necessary officers and employees, and establish rules for the management of the institution.

168. The State Board of Charities and Corrections.2 This board consists of the governor and six other members appointed by him with the approval of the senate. The 1 Political Code, § 2207 seq.

2 Statutes of 1903, page 482.

appointed members serve without compensation, and their term of office is four years. The board appoints a secretary whose office is in San Francisco.

This board is concerned with the state hospitals, prisons, reform schools, the blind home, and the school for the deaf and blind; with county and city hospitals, orphanages, poor farms, prisons, and jails; and with all orphanages and other charitable institutions maintained by private persons or corporations. The authority of the board over these institutions is very limited. Its duties with respect to them are as follows:

1. Concerning the public institutions mentioned, it must examine into their condition and carefully observe their methods. It may prescribe the forms according to which they must keep records and render reports. Plans for buildings for any such institution before adoption must be "submitted to the board for suggestions and criticism."

2. It has the same authority and duty with respect to all" institutions and persons receiving any state aid for the care of orphan, half-orphan, abandoned, or dependent children."

There are between forty and fifty such orphanages in the state, furnishing homes for over five thousand children. The state devotes nearly $450,000 a year to the support of these unfortunate children.1

3. No organization, society, or person may engage in the work of placing dependent children in homes without obtaining a permit from the board.

4. The board must make a biennial report to the governor as to the condition of every institution under its jurisdiction. This report must contain recommendations as

1 See section 22, article IV of the constitution.

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