harder labor: and the planters may be certain of selling their raw silk to the utmost extent of the British demand for that commodity; because a British parliament will not fail to encourage the importation of it from thence, rather than from aliens, that the planters may be able to make large demands upon us for our home commodities: for this will be the 'consequence of their employing all their people in producing a commodity, which is so far from rivalling, that it will supply a rich manufacture to their mother country. The present medium of our importation of silk will not be the measure hereafter of that branch of trade when the Georgians shall enter into the management of the silk-worm. Great Britain will then be able to sell silk manufactures cheaper than all Europe besides, because the Georgians may grow rich, and yet afford their raw silk for less than half the price that we now pay for that of Piedmont: the peasant of Piedmont, after he has tended the worm, and wound off the silk, pays half of it for the rent of the mulberry trees, and the eggs of the silk-worm: but in Georgia the working hand will have the benefit of all his labor. This is fifty in a hundred, or cent per cent difference in favor of the Georgians, which receives a great addition from another consideration, viz. the Georgian will have his provisions incomparably cheaper than the Piedmontese, because he pays no rent for the land that produces them; he lives upon his own estate. But there is still another reason why Great Britain should quickly and effectually encourage the production of silk in Georgia; for, in effect, it will cost us nothing; it will be purchased by the several manufactures of Great Britain, and this, I fear, is not our present case with respect to Piedmont: especially (if as we have been lately told) they have prohibited the importation of woollen goods into that principality. That this little treatise may be the more satisfactory to the reader, I could wish I had been minutely informed of the present state of our silk trade; of the medium value of silk per pound; to what amount it is imported; of its duty, freight, commission and insurance; and lastly, by what returns in commerce it is purchased. I am persuaded, these estimates would afford plentiful matter for observations in favor of this position, viz. that Great Britain ought vigorously to attempt to get this trade into her own hands. I shall however aim at a computation, upon my memory of facts, which I have heard from those who understand that com merce. 1. Great Britain imports silk from Piedmont, near the yearly value of three hundred thousand pounds. 2. The medium price is about twelve shillings per pound in Piedmont. 3. The duty here is about four shillings per pound. 4. The price of raw silk in London, is generally more than half of the price of the wrought goods in their fullest perfection. 1st Observ. If the Piedmontese paid no rent for the mulberry-tree and silk worm, he might afford silk at six shillings per pound. 2d Observ. If silk were bought in Piedmont at six shillings per pound, and imported duty free, it might be sold in London at seven shillings per pound. For, the commission, insurance and exchange, or interest of money would be but half what they are at present, and there must be some allowance for the interest of the money that was usually applied to pay the duty. 3d Observ. Therefore Great Britain, by encouraging the growth of silk in Georgia, may save above a hundred thousand pound per annum of what she lays out in Piedmont. 4th Observ. The Georgian (without taking the cheapness of his provisions into question) may enable Great Britain to undersell all her rivals in Europe in the silk manufacture in a proportion resembling what follows. The difference of these is seven pence in thirty, which is near twenty-five pound in an hundred, and is above thirty The reader is desired to consider these compuper cent. tations as stated by guess. But the same reasoning will hold in a considerable degree upon the exact state of the several values. * Rice is another growth of this province that doth not interfere with Great Britain. But we reap their harvests; for when they have sold the rice in a foreign market, they lay out the money in our manufactures to carry home with them. They have already made an handsome progress in Carolina, in cultivating this grain. They have exported above † ten thousand tons of it by weight in a year already, all produced in a few years from so small a quantity as was carried thither in a bag, fit to hold only a hundred pound sterling in silver; they have sold cargoes of it in Turkey. They have all the world for their market. A market not easily glutted. The indulgence of the British Legislature to Carolina in this branch of their trade, shows our new Georgians what encouragement they may expect from that august body, as soon as they shall learn the management of the silk-worm. The law for the ease of the rice trade, is alone sufficient to enrich whole provinces: they are now at liberty to proceed in their voyages directly to any part of Europe, south of Cape Fenesterre, or to Asia and Africk before they touch at Great Britain. The difference of the charge of freight is not half the benefit they receive from this act of Parliament; they arrive at the desired ports time enough to forestall the markets of Spain, Portugal, and the Levant. It now frequently happens that cargoes arrive safe, which, as the law stood formerly, would have been lost at sea, by means of the deviation. This new law, in a manner, forces them into the Spanish, Portuguese, and Levant trades, and gives them two returns of commerce instead of one. They may now dispose of their American grain in the first place, and then come laden to Great Britain with the most profitable wares of the countries where they traded; and lastly, buy for ready money such British manufactures as they have occasion to carry home. When I speak of the future trade of these happy provinces, I might expatiate upon many valuable branches of it besides the silk and rice; branches which it must enjoy as * Descr. Abreg., p. 13. + Ib., p. 7. Descr. Abreg. p. 25. 26. certainly as nature shall hold her course in the production of vegetables, and the revolution of seasons. But because I would not swell this treaties to too expensive a bulk, I shall content myself with acquainting the reader that they have no doubt of the kindly growth of cotton, almonds, olives, &c. And in short, of every vegetable that can be found in the best countries under the same latitude. I foresee an objection against what is here laid down: it may be said that all the countries under the same latitude do not produce the same commodities; that some of them are incapable of raising choice vegetables, which others of them nourish with the utmost facility. For answer to this objection, what was said in the second chapter should be considered: the intemperate heats of Barbary, Egypt and Arabia are there accounted for, from the vicinity of boundless sandy deserts; on the other hand, near Mount Caucasus in Asia, and particularly in the kingdom of Kaschmere, or Kasimere, (which is entirely surrounded by prodigious mountains) their seasons are almost as cold as ours in England, though they lie in the same latitude with Tangier, or Gibraltar. These instances of the temperature in countries equidistant from the Equator, are very opposite to each other, the medium between them is the happy portion of Georgia; which therefore must be productive of most of the valuable commodities in the vegetable world. CHAPTER VI. Observations on the Commerce, Navigation, and Plantations of Great Britain, compared with those of some of her Neighbors. WHOEVER Would be fully informed concerning the figure which England has made in all ages, in maritime affairs, may find abundance of curious matter in Selden's Mare Clausum, and from his time to ours may learn facts from the Gazettes, or read a faithful transcript of both in Burchet's Naval History. I shall take notice of two remarkable periods of our ancient maritime story, because some useful observations may be made in comparing them, both with other nations, and with ourselves in our present situation. We are told that Edgar, king of this island, had four thousand ships, by the terror of which he subdued Norway, Denmark, all the islands of the ocean, and the greatest part of Ireland. These instances of his power are specified in a record cited by that great lawyer, Sir Edward Coke, in the preface to his Fourth Report. This monarch made a naval progress yearly round this island, and once took it in his head to cause eight conquered kings to row his barge on the river Dee. But it seems that some of his successors have had such pacific ministers, as either neglected to keep our fleets in repair, or were afraid to make use of them; for, at several periods of time, since the days of King Edgar, we find that this kingdom has been miserably insulted on the seas, and even successfully invaded by other nations. The British Neptune slept, or slumbered, most part of the time, from the reign of King Edgar to that of Queen Elizabeth. In her days he sprung up with vigor, being roused by Spain, which was then the greatest maritime power on earth. From Queen Elizabeth to our time, our naval strength has gradually increased, insomuch that at this day, the Spanish fleets opposed to ours, would make a very contemptible figure on the ocean: we now have it in our power to lord it over the watery world. It may be worth our inquiry to know how these fluctuations have happened in the dominion of the seas? And in the issue, that inquiry will be found pertinent to the project now on foot for planting a new colony in Georgia. The tasks and course of life of sea-faring men are not to be learned in an instant; their employment is a laborious trade, to be acquired only by application and industry. Money will buy all naval stores except mariners, but unless a succession of them be preserved, no wealth will be able to purchase them. The surest, the cheapest, I may justly call it, the only profitable method of supporting such a succession, is to have perpetual occasion for a multitude of seamen in a course of trade. It is indeed probable that Edgar's amazing power at sea was, for the most part, owing to his own great genius, attended with indefatigable industry in training up, and year by year augmenting the number of |