people eagerly offered sacrifices to the strangers with shrieks and weeping, tearing the flesh from their faces with their nails. The English vainly attempted to dissuade them, by lifting their hands and eyes to heaven. During their stay the people generally brought sacrifices every third day, till they at last understood how much the English were displeased by them.

Expedition

As soon as the English had finished the repairs upon their ship, Drake and some of his company made a journey into the interior. He found the Indians living in villages. The houses were made by digging round holes in the earth, covered by poles of wood, which met in the centre "like a spired steeple," the

into the interior.

whole being covered with earth. The door "made slopous like the scuttle of a ship" was also the chimney.1 The people slept in these houses on rushes on the ground, around a fire in the middle. The country was very different from the barren sea-shore. It was fruitful, and furnished with all necessaries. The adventurers saw thousands of deer in a herd, and were much interested by the ground squirrel, which they describe as a peculiar "coney." The whole country was a warren of them. Their bodies were as big as the Barbary coneys, their heads as the heads of the English, the feet like the feet of a want, and the tail long like that of a rat. The coney had on each side of the chin a bag into which to gather such food as he did not need to eat.

Drake's Departure.

Returning to his port, Drake took possession of the country in the 1 Captain Beechey found similar houses as late as 1827.

1579.]

LOCALITY OF DRAKE'S DISCOVERIES.

575

name of Queen Elizabeth. He erected a monument which was, like so many other monuments of possession, only a wooden post with a copper plate upon it. On this plate he inscribed, he asserted the right of Queen Elizabeth and her successors to that kingdom, with the time of his own arrival, and a statement of the free resignation of the country by the king and people into her hands. Her picture and arms, and Drake's arms, were also engraved on this remarkable plate, which must have done credit to the amateur engraver from the crew of the Pelican.

After this ceremony of possession, the ship sailed for the Moluccas, to the great grief of the native king and his followers, Drake's dewho lighted fires on the cliffs as if to cheer them on their parture. way.

Locality of
Bay.

It is a curious question, not yet decided by geographers, what was the bay where Sir Francis Drake repaired his ship, and on the shore of which he encamped and took possession. The va- Drake's rious accounts differ about the highest north latitude attained by Drake, but when driven back by cold weather he came south, they agree "it was within thirty-eight degrees toward the line." "In which height it pleased God to send us into a fair and good bay with good wind to enter the same." Was this bay the Bay of San Francisco, of which the opening, by the Golden Gate, is in 37° 49′ N. latitude, or is it the open bay just above this, marked on the maps as Sir Francis Drake's Bay, or is it Bodega Bay, where the latitude of the anchorage is 38° 19? Within so narrow a range it would be idle to infer anything from Drake's general statement that the good bay which God led him into was in 38°. Either of them is near enough to meet that definition.

The maps annexed will enable the reader to understand this difficulty. The more modern one represents the coast substantially as it has been drawn by the accurate hydrographers of our own time. The other was drawn early in the seventeenth century by Robert Dudley, son of the great Earl of Leicester, himself a navigator and the son-inlaw of Cavendish, one of the explorers of the South Seas. Drake's port of New Albion will be found on this, so drawn as to represent sufficiently well the double bay of San Francisco. If this were the only authority it would probably be granted that Drake's port was San Francisco Bay. But it is quite certain that the Spaniards, who eagerly tried to rediscover the port, with this map in their possession, did not succeed until near two hundred years after. Long before they did discover it, they were seeking for it, calling it the Bay of San Francisco- that name probably having been taken from no less a 1 These latitudes are those of Captain Beechey's survey.

saint than the heretic, Sir Francis Drake. In 1769, a land party discovered the great bay which runs south from the entrance, now called

254 E from Terro

255 B

256 E

41X

C. Mendocino

Pla d'firena

Bodega B

Jack's

B of Montery

the Golden Gate. But it was not until 1776 that this inland sea was connected by the Spaniards with the ocean.

It is urged on the one side, that Sir Francis Drake would never have called "Jack's Bay," which is the Sir Francis Drake's bay of the maps, "a fair and good bay," nor thanked God as for a special providence for the wind which took him into that open roadstead, which under the circumstances, he could hardly have kept out of. If indeed, he did land, and unload his ship there, repair her, and take in his cargo again, lying for five weeks there, he is the last shipmaster who has done so. Having done so, that he should have drawn the bottle-shaped bay, which appears on the charts of his time, seems impossible. For such reasons, high authority concedes that he entered the Golden Gate and the Bay of San Francisco, now known by that name. On the other hand, it is urged that the physical distinctions of the Golden Gate and the present San Francisco Bay are so marked that Drake or his historian geographers. must have said more of them: that "fair and good bay," is not language as strong as should be used of that matchless harbor, and that once discovered, it could never be forgotten. The weight of Californian opinion at this time seems to be that Sir Francis Drake never entered the Golden Gate. In one of the early narratives of his voyage, in Hondius's voyages, the annexed map of the bay, unfortunately with no scale, is given in the margin. It bears this inscription in very bad Latin: "The inhabitants by terrible frequent laceration of their bodies deprecate the departure of Drake, now twice crowned, from this harbour of Albion." But it is clear enough, from an examination of the copy of a small part of the Bay of San Francisco, from Captain Beechey's survey, that the draughtsman of Hondius's2 map, had no knowledge of that great estuary. 1 So Davidson in the Coast Pilot, and Mr. Greenhow.

Map of a Part of the California Coast.

Opinions of

2 For the copy of Hondius's very rare map, we are indebted to Mr. Charles Deane.

1579.]

LOCALITY OF DRAKE'S DISCOVERIES.

577

It is equally sure, however, that his map represents no other bay on the coast, and that it must, therefore, be taken as merely imaginary.

Dudley also says that

Portus Nove
Albionis

Drake found many wild horses at the northward, -at which he wondered, because the Spaniards had never found horses in America. It is customary to account for the immense herds of American horses on the assumption that the Spaniards introduced them. Drake's visit, however, to Port New Albion was but thirty-eight years after Coronado's visit to Cibola, which, as we now know, was at least five hundred miles away. It is difficult to believe that a few stray horses from Coronado's troop, should, in so few years, have multiplied into large herds observed by Drake on the distant seaboard of Oregon. Coronado had but few horses, would have had fewer brood mares, and would have been apt to mention any loss of a large number of auxiliaries so essential.

Feda corporum Laceratione ferebris in non tibus facrificijs hajus Rove Albionis portus in cole Draci jam bis coronati, decefsum deprecent

Hondius's Map of Drake's Bay.

CHAPTER XXIV.

SPANISH EXPLORATIONS AND COLONIZATION.

FATHER AUGUSTIN RUYZ. RIO DEL NORTE. CUNAMES. ACOMA. ZUNI OR CIBOLA. — JUAN DE OÑATE.- EL PASO.-"EL MORO." - INSCRIPTIONS. - VISCAINO. - EUSEBIO FRANCISCO KINO. - SALVATIERRA. ARIZONA - PABLO QUIHUE. — FATHER AUGUSTIN DE CAMPOS. EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS. LA SALLE. DE LEON. ST. DENIS. DON MARTIN D'ALARCORNE.

Expedition of Ruyz.

TEXAS.

Two years after Drake's departure a land expedition on the other side of the Sierra brought the lost cities of Cibola to light again. In the year 1581, the Franciscan Father, Augustin Ruyz, interested by the report of some Conchos Indians, undertook an expedition northward, which resulted in the re-discovery of Quivira and some certainty as to the location of the Cibola of Coronado. Eager to save souls, Ruyz obtained leave to travel thither, and started with two brethren of his order, and eight soldiers. Leaving the mines of Santa Barbara in Northern Mexico, in the southern part of the present province of Chihuahua, four hundred and fifty miles from the capital, they began their journey northward; but one of the friars having been killed by Indians, the soldiers deserted the others, and left them to go forward alone. When at Santa Barbara the soldiers reported the plight in which they had left these holy men, a spirited gentleman of St. Bartholomew, a station in the neighborhood, named Antonio de Espejo, raised a company for their relief, and started, in November, 1582, with a caravan of one hunEspejo. dred and fifteen horses and mules and some Indian guides. They travelled northward through various tribes, and soon struck the Conchos River, which flows into the Rio del Norte. Here they found natives who seemed to have some knowledge of the symbols of Christian faith, and when asked how they obtained it, they said that three Christians and a negro had passed that way, and had instructed them. The Spaniards believed these missionaries to have been Cabeça de Vaca, Dorantes, and Castillo Maldonado, with their negro whose escape from the wreck of Narvaez's party has been described.1 Con1 Vol. i., p. 156.

Journey of