:

The at the disposal of its rightful owners, free of cost,
E. WALFORD, M.A.
if they will write to me.

account of this engraver and medalist?
work charged for in this account comprises
"A large double Judicial Seal in silver for the Countys
of Denbigh, Montgomery, and Flint.

"A large double Judicial Seal in Silver for the Countys

of Glamorgan, Brecknock, and Radnor.

"A large double Judicial Seal in Silver for the Countys of Carnarvon, Merioneth, and Anglesea.

"A large Judicial double Seal in Silver for the Countys of Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Pembroke.

"A large double Seal in Silver for the most Noble Order of the Garter, Engraven on one side with the effigies of St George on Horseback fighting with the Dragon with an Inscription, and on the other side with the Arms of the said Order within the Garter.

"Engravin a Signet in Steel for the said Order with the Arms of the Order impaled with his Mats Imperial

Arms."

The description of the engraving on the seals is set out in each case similar to the garter seal and signet. T. N.

FRENCH TWENTY-FRANC PIECE.-On one side is the head of Napoleon I. and the inscription "Napoleon Empereur"; on the reverse "20 francs," surrounded by a wreath and the inscription, " Republique Française. An 13"; and a small figure, intended, I believe, to represent the French cock. Round the edge of the coin are the words, "Dieu protege la France." How is it that this coin commemorates both the empire and the republic?

By

7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W.

ERASMUS. In the Journal des Voyages de Monconys' the invention of turf for burning is attributed to Erasmus, of all men in the world. Can anybody suggest a reason for this extraordinary C. A. WARD. error? Walthamstow.

shire there is a street called Mantle Street.
any one suggest a derivation for this street name
Could it be connected with the "mantells" which
in Manor Court Rolls are often presented as being
dangerous or out of repair?
A. L. HUMPHREYS.

26, Eccleston Road, Ealing.

Replies.

DRESS OF LONDON APPRENTICE TEMP.

ELIZABETH.

(7th S. vi. 467.)

E. H. LOVELYN'S 'POEMS,' &c.-I am told that the copy of these which I possess is valuable. Can any one tell me of the author, or of the value of his book? The title-page is as follows: "Latin and English Poems, by a Gentleman of Trinity College, Oxford. 'Nec lusisse pudet, sed non incidere ludum.'-Hor. London, printed in the year "Moral MDCCXXXVIII." With this is bound up It is to be inferred from, if not actually stated Tales, a Christmas Night's Entertainment. Lady- A new edition. London. Printed in, Planché's History of Costume' that the for T. Becket, Pall Mall, M.DCCLXXXIII. Price costume of London apprentices in Elizabeth's half a crown.' The book contains manuscript reign was very little (if any) different from that notes connecting some of the persons mentioned of the same class in the reign of Edward VI. with certain portraits in Hogarth's 'Rake's Pro- and Mary, though that of the higher classes had F. W. P. been gradually changing through and from the gress.' reign of Henry VIII. until the long doublets, stuffed and slashed trunk hose, and large ruffs appeared in all their full-blown magnificence in the good queen's reign. The costume of the boys of Christ's Hospital was doubtless a near approach to the dress, if not the dress itself, of the apprentices of the reigns of Edward and Mary, with a probable variation in its indoor and out-of-door character, for Planché says :

[Latin and English Poems,' Lond., 1738, 4to., appears to be by Loveling, not Lovelyn. A copy is in the Bodleian. It was reprinted, 12mo., 1741. A copy of the early edition sold for 7s. in the Dent sale, and one of the later for 5s. 6d. in the Hibbert.]

COMITATUS CERETICUS. What earldom or county is this? I ask because I lately picked up a copy of Lemon's Etymological Dictionary (1783) in which is the following book-plate inscription:-"Collegio Sancti Davidis apud Llanbedr in Comitatu Ceretico d. d. d. Thomas Phillips de Brunswick Square apud Londinenses Armiger, 1841." I can find in the Clergy List' only one Llanbedr, but this is in Brecknockshire. If the book belongs to a church or college library, it is

"The small, flat, round bonnet, worn on one side of the head, and, indeed, the whole dress, was the costume habit of apprentices and serving men, and yellow stockings were very generally worn...... The jackets of our firemen and watermen are also of this date, the badge being made in metal, and placed on the sleeve in the sixteenth

of the citizens of London......Blue coats were the common

century, instead of on the breast or back of the garment itself as previously."

This would give the short tight breeches, blue long coat, or short blue doublet and yellow stock-doublet was to have neither "poynt, well [whale] ings as the general wear of the commonalty of the period.

66

height before it was gathered and set into the
stock, nor more than two inches in depth before
the setting into the same stock. The collar of the
bone, or plaits," but to be made close and comely,
and, as well as the breeches, was to be made only
of "cloth, kersey, fustian, sackcloth, canvasse,
English leather, or English stuffe," and of not more
than 2s. 6d. the yard. His stockings were to be of
woollen, yarn, or kersey. He was not to wear
"Spanish shoes with polonia heels," or to have his
hair with any "tufte or lock, but cut short in
decent and comely manner."
EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

71, Brecknock Road.

Planché says, again, that Sir Walter Scott, in 'The Fortunes of Nigel,' has drawn an admirable (word) picture of the brawling 'prentices from Howe, the continuator of Stow, who tells that "in the reign of Queen Mary they wore blue cloaks in summer, and in the winter gowns of the same colour," dresses of this colour being a badge of servitude about this period. The "City flat cap," or cap of Edward VI., being still often mentioned in the time of James and Charles, shows no very great change. Fairholt also enlarges on the same subject, saying "Flat caps and shining shoes" were the distinthe "City flat cap" is the "statute cap" of Shake-guishing characteristics of London apprentices at "hundreds of this period. As Gifford would say, speare, so called because they were strictly enjoined to be worn by the 13 Elizabeth, cap. 19, for writers. These chiefly take the form of courtierly instances might easily be adduced" from our old the encouragement of the home manufacture," under a penalty of 38. 4d. for each day's transgression; flat cap on the 137th plate, vol. ii. The breeches sneering. Strutt gives a figure of the pie-dish-like and he refers to further examples of the dress in and stockings were what were called round slops, Herbert's History of the Twelve Great Livery of white broadcloth, and made so as to look all of Companies of London,' Burgon's 'Life of Gresham,' and many effigies in existing London churches, such one piece. They appear to have worn blue cloaks in summer, and gowns in winter of the same colonr. as St. Saviour's, Southwark, St. Helens, Bishopsgate, and St. Andrew's Undershaft; also mentioning that Thynne's 'Debate between Pride and Lowlinesse' (1570) gives descriptions of the dress of husbandmen and various classes of the community. Stubbes's Anatomy of Abuses' would also prove a valuable reference for male costume of the time of Elizabeth, and no doubt any of Holbein's pictures would afford a great deal of help towards tracing the changes of the period, as by comparing the forms of the ordinary costume temp. Edward VI. (1595 and 1682) the slightness and tendency of the changes during that period will very easily

be seen.

R. W. HACKWOOD.

Herbert, in his 'History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies of London,' expresses an opinion that James exceeded Elizabeth in his love for the minutiae of the fashion prescribed. About the year 1611 he caused the Mayor to send precepts to the wardens of companies on account of "the abuse growing by excesse and strange fashions of apparell used by manye apprentises." The Common Council afterwards embodied certain regulations into an Act, in which every item of apparel to be worn by apprentices is detailed with the minuteness of a tailor or dressmaker. Apprentices were to wear no "hat" the facing whereof should exceed three inches in breadth in the head, or which, with the band and trimming, should cost above 5s.; the band was to be destitute of lace, made of linen not exceeding 5s. the ell, and to have no other work or ornament than a plain hem and one stitch; and if the apprentice should wear a ruff-band, it was not to exceed three inches in

H. C. HART.

BED-ROCK (7th S. vi. 466).-The word in its metaphorical sense means the bottom of the matter in question. It is, I suppose, an Americanism, originating in the mines. An example of it is to be found in Tennessee's Partner,' by Bret Harte, the middle of the story:

"No! no!' continued Tennessee's Partner, hastily, I play this yer hand alone. To come down to the bedrock, it's just this: Tennessee, thar, has played it pretty rough and expensive-like on a stranger, and on this yer camp. And now, what's the fair thing? Some would say more; some would say less. Here's seventeen hundred dollars in coarse gold and a watch-it's about all my pile and call it square!'"

Tennessee is being tried by Lynch law for highway
robbery, and his partner attempts to bribe the
court. The scene is laid amongst the miners of
Sandy Bar. The story was first published, I think,
in or before 1869.
ROBERT PIERPOINT.

St. Austin's, Warrington.

the solid hard rock underlying loose and incoherent
This is the technical term applied in mining to
strata. It is generally used in connexion with
alluvial gold washings. In the American miner's
slang to arrive at the bed-rock means to have spent
the last dollar.
BENNETT H. BROUGH.

I have certainly heard this word as a mining term, and have understood it as analogous to the engineering term bed-plate, which signifies the heavy plate of metal upon which the machinery rests. The figurative use of the term would follow

naturally, and may be illustrated by a verse of with many talismanic properties, and its festival attracted immense gatherings of people. Lowell's, quoted from memory :—

It is pagan, but wait till you feel it,
That jar of the earth, that dull shock,
When the ploughshare of deeper passion
Tears down to the primitive rock.

C. C. B.

This is an American term. In sinking a coalshaft there is usually found beneath the soil yellow or blue clay, often containing water-worn stones; then, perhaps, sand and gravel, and clay again under them. Beneath these will be found solid rock, or shale, in regular layers. This rock, or shale, is called by the sinkers in the Durham coal-field the "stone-head," which is the exact equivalent of the American "bed-rock." In like circumstances Lancashire sinkers speak of "gettin Ideawn to th' solid." P. W. PICKUP. Blackburn,

The New English Dictionary' gives examples "to rest on, of the use of "bed " in its meaning to lie on for support." Surely this includes "bed rock" and numerous other words, such as plate," "bed-stone," &c. Cf. p. 751, last line of first column.

"bed

L. L. K.

C. C. B.

MR. BOUCHIER asks, Is kissing under the mistletoe dying out in England? Well, reminiscences of half a century ago or so would lead me to say that, together with many another ancient and laudable practice, it had somewhat decayed. It may be, however, that careful inquiry among the grandchildren of those who kissed dans le bon vieux temps might reveal an undiminished loyalty to custom. But then the conscientious inquirer would be met by the difficulty that one does notT. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. or, at least, did not "kiss and tell."

KENELM HENRY DIGBY (7th S. vi. 507).—I only know of three editions of Mr. K. H. Digby's The noble book 'The Broadstone of Honour.'

first of these came out about sixty years ago, in, I think, 1828 and onwards; and after one or two of the volumes had appeared their author joined the Roman Church, which fact accounts for the alterations, whatever they be, that were afterwards made in the earlier volumes, and for the somewhat different tone of the later. About the years 1856 DR. CHANCE should look again at his copy of and 1857 Edward Lumley, of New Oxford Street the New English Dictionary,' s. v. “ Bed," where,—himself a striking man, and one of the early in the third column of p. 750, § 19, he will find evidence that he has been too hasty in classing the Philological Society's work with the other dictionaries he possesses. Q. V.

members of the congregation worshipping at All Saints', Margaret Street-published what I believe to be the second edition of all the volumes; and a reprint of this edition was issued in 1877. If there be other editions than these three, I should HERALDIC (7th S. vi. 428, 497).—In the arms on be glad to know of them. I believe that 'Mores the ring mentioned, the coat impaled on the sinister Catholici,' 'Evenings on the Thames,' and Mr. side is that of the Abbey of Westminster, the Digby's other prose works, were all written by whole coat therefore is, Williams (quarterly with him as a Roman Catholic; and I should be agreeGriffiths) impaling dexter, the see of Lincoln, sinis-ably surprised to hear that any of them ever Mr. Digby's verseter, the Abbey of Westminster. The peculiarity reached a second edition.

of the marshalling arises from the bigamous cha-Little Low Bushes' and the rest is much inracter of the arms. It is well known how pertina-ferior to his prose. But he who wrote 'The ciously Williams clung to his Deanery of West- Broadstone of Honour' must always be a classic; minster after his elevatian to the episcopate. and I suppose that no one, not even Robert Burton himself, ever gave to the public a larger store, and a store more happily used, of admirable and recondite quotations and allusions than is contained in that book and in 'Compitum.'

custom was common

S. G. H. KISSING UNDER THE MISTLETOE (7th S. vi. 487). -One would suppose, from the part played by the mistletoe in Scandinavian mythology, that this to all northern peoples. Baldur was slain by a mistletoe dart at the instigation of Loki, and in reparation for the injury the plant was afterwards dedicated to his mother, Frigg, so long as it did not touch earth, Loki's empire. On this account it is hung from the ceilings of houses, and the kiss given under it signifies that it is no longer an instrument of mischief. MR. BOUCHIER will, unless I mistake, find an account of "le gui de l'an neuf" in De Gubernatis ('La Mythologie des Plantes'). The fêtes held in commemoration of the sacred mistletoe survived in some parts of France into the sixteenth century. The plant was credited

Was it not Julius Hare, that defender of Luther, who said that a young mau should prize The Broadstone of Honour' next to the Bible? It was like his breadth of charity to say that, and I heartily echo the saying.

A. J. M.

QUEENIE AS A PET NAME (7th S. vii. 4).— Queeney or Queeny was the pet name of Esther Thrale, afterwards Lady Keith, for whom Baretti wrote his 'Dialogues.' See Dr. Birkbeck Hill's edition of Boswell's 'Johnson,' ii. 449, n. 2; iii. 422, n. 4; v. 451, n. 2.

WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT. Trinity College, Cambridge.

wolves in Matt. vii. 15, and the grievous wolves in Acts XX. 29, representing false teachers."

In that charming collection of negro stories, Uncle Remus,' the rabbit outwits the fox. Í know that it is said that the rabbit represents the negro race, which, in its very simplicity and harmlessness, proves more than a match for the selfish cunning of the whiter man. But on what foundation does this theory rest? The stories themselves do not suggest it, for the fox shows no special cunning. He is simply stupid compared with the rabbit. And if the stories are genuine old negro stories, brought from Africa, the comparison between the negroes and the whites in America will not be to the point. I recur to my former question, What real proofs of superior cunning has "Br'er Fox" given, that we should suppose his reputation to be universal?

THE FOX (7th S. vi. 148, 396).-On Ezekiel for "an old Joe" there be none, I believe. I first xiii. 4 Hengstenberg comments :

"The foxes come into regard in verse 4 as the dangerous foes and destroyers of the coverts,' as a zoologist calls them. Thus they stand already in ch. ii. 15 of the Song of Songs; and in Luke xiii. 31, 32, the Lord calls Herod a fox as the destroyer of God's people. The foxes nowhere come into regard for their craft, as in heathen antiquity. The foxes here correspond to the ravening

detrectavere. Instructis utrimque exercitibus in ejus pugnæ casum, in qua urbs Roma victori præmium esset, imber ingens grandine mixtus ita utramque aciem turbavit, ut vix armis retentis in castra sese receperint, nullius rei minore, quam hostium, metu. Et postero die eodem loco acies instructas eadem tempestas diremit."-Liv., lib. xxvi. c. xi.

Thucydides relates that two expeditions of the Lacedæmonians were put a stop to by earthquakes. The annual invasion of Attica, in B. c. 426, under

ROBERT BURTON (7th S. vi. 443, 517).-Those who take an interest in the Anatomy of Melan-Agis, was one of these, when Iελoдovýσto Kai choly are much indebted to MR. PEACOCK for big οἱ ξύμμαχοι μέχρι μὲν τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ ἦλθον ὡς ἐς careful account of every edition. I have a copy of τὴν Αττικην ἐσβαλοῦντες, Αγιδος τοῦ ̓Αρχιthat of 1651 which in some points differs from ΜR. δάμου ἡγουμένου, Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλέως, PEACOCK'S of the same date. May I be allowed to Táv, kai ouk éyéveto éσßoλý (lib. iii. c. 89). σεισμῶν δὲ γενομένων πολλῶν ἀπετράποντο give a description of my copy? and Lacedæmon, B.C. 414, ' "Apyos σтPаTEUAgain, in the plundering warfare between Argos σαντες Λακεδαιμόνιοι μέχρι μὲν Κλεωνῶν γλθον, σεισμοῦ δὲ γενομένου ἀπεχώρησαν (vi. 95). The interruption in the first of these instances arose from terror, in the last two from superstition.

ED. MARSHALL.

(1) Half-title; recto, the Anatomie of Melancholy; verso, the Argument of the Frontispiece, beginning, Ten distinct squares." (2) The engraved title-page, C. le Blon sc., surrounded by the ten well-known designs, and having in the middle a space on which are the following lines. "The Anatomy of Melancholy, what it is, with all the kinds causes symptomes, prognostickes, & The battle alluded to by Southey was, no doubt, severall cures of it. In three partitions, with that at the Lacus Trasimenus, in Etruria, where their severall sections, members & subsections, Hannibal so signally defeated the Romans (B C. Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically, opened 217). But Southey must have forgotten the fact & cut vp. By Democritus Junior. With a related by Livy (lib. xxii. c. 5), that so far from Satyricall Preface, conducing to the following Dis- the earthquake interrupting the battle, the comcourse. The Sixt [sic] Edition, corrected and batants were so intent on fighting, and so furiously augmented by the Author. Omne tulit punctum, engaged, that they never felt it, though it was qui miscuit utile dulci." Beneath these lines is devastating a great part of Italy. This is the the portrait of Burton, below which there is en-graphic description of the historian in his "picgraved on a cartouche, "Oxford Printed for Henry tured page":Cripps, 1651." (3) Latin dedication, "Georgio Berkleio," ending with "jam sexto revisam, D.D. Democritus Junior." (4) Two pages of Latin verse, "Vade liber." (5) Two pages of English verse. (6) The text forms 723 numbered pages, but two unnumbered leaves are inserted between pages 140 and 141. The text ends with p. 723. (7) Nine unnumbered pages of Table. On the last page is a notice by H. C. to the reader, and at the bottom, "Printed by R. W. for Henry Cripps of Oxford, and are to be sold by Andrew Crook in Paul's Churchyard, and by Henry Cripps and Lodowick Lloyd in Popes-Head Ally. 1651."

I agree with MR. PEACOCK in thinking that we should regard the fifth edition, or the sixth, as the best. The fifth was published in 1638. Burton died in 1640. The sixth appeared in 1651, and according to the notice at the end it was printed from a copy corrected by the author, and committed by him to Cripps for publication. J. DIXON.

BATTLE INTERRUPTED BY AN EARTHQUAKE (7th S. vi. 307).-Though not an exact answer, the interruption of a battle by a storm may be mentioned, B.C. 211:—

"Postero die transgressus Anienem Hannibal in aciem omnes copias eduxit: nec Flaccus consulesque certamen

"Tantusque fuit ardor animorum, adeo intentus pugnæ animus, ut eum terræ motum, qui multarum urbium amnes, mare fluminibus invexit, montes ingenti lapsu Italiæ magnas partes prostravit, avertitque cursu rapido proruit, nemo pugnantium senserit."

Perhaps Southey may have confused in his this battle with another earlier one menmemory

tioned by Herodotus ('Hist.,' i. c. 74), where the test "by the day suddenly becoming night" (TYV Lydians and Medes were interrupted in their con

épny aπívηs výkтα yevéolai); that is, of course, by a total eclipse of the sun. This eclipse, the historian says, Thales of Miletus had predicted should happen in this very year; and, if true, astronomy must have been better known to the ancients than is generally supposed.

Shillingston, Dorset.

EDWD. A. DAYMAN.

I cannot help thinking that Southey has confused an earthquake with an eclipse. An eclipse of the sun is said to have put an end to a battle about to be fought between the Medes and Lydians in the year B.C. 585. I never heard of one being interrupted by an earthquake. Livy says that an earthquake occurred during the battle at Lake Trasy menus, during the second Punic war; but adds that the combatants did not notice it, on