to be desired; viz., in 'Anglia,' vol. v. I find I have observed Chaucer's pardonable error in forgetting the name of Hypermnestra's father. WALTER W. SKEAT. CRADLE OF THE TIDE (7th S. vii. 408).-This expression occurs in Hughes's 'Outlines of Physical Geography,' certainly at one time a well-known work. It is applied to that part of the ocean in which the tidal wave is generated: "The cradle of the tides is supposed to be the Pacific Ocean to the south of Australia, from which a wave advances towards the India Ocean," &c. (ed. 1861, p. 117). J. F. MANSErgh. Liverpool. under a large monument enclosed by iron railings, close by the church on the south side, towards the eastern end. The inscription on the tomb reads: "In the Vault Beneath are Deposited the Remains of Charles Christopher Pepys, First Earl of Cottenham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain from 1836 to 1841, and again from 1846 to 1850. He in the Duchy of Lucca, aged 70." At the British died on the 29th_of April, 1851, at Pietra Santa, Museum (Add. MS. 28,069, ff. 85, 99, 107, 129) are letters from him to the Duke of Leeds, dated DANIEL HIPWELL. 1837. Idylls of the King' ('Lancelot and Elaine'). See 'N. & Q,' 6th S. i. 57, 201. At the latter reference F. T. gives a quotation from a story by Mr. Moy Thomas in Household Words, Feb. 1, 1851, entitled Guild Clerk's Tale,' containing much the same idea as that expressed in Tennyson's lines. JONATHAN BOUCHIER. ORANGE BLOSSOMS AT WEDDINGS (7th S. vii. 369). the Year Round for Aug. 8, 1885, gives the following -The writer of an article on 'Flowers of Fancy'in All Probably you will receive many answers, as I have done, that "tide" is an error for "deep," alluding to Mrs. Willard's well-known hymn. This, of course, struck me, and has struck others, but the solution will not hold, as the question is meant to be mathematical, and stands with other arithmetical questions on both sides. Without a shadow of doubt it calls for a scientific or arith-information on this subject. In China the orange metical solution, and is not a poetical phrase. This note may save space and correspondence in your congested periodical. E. COBHAM BREWER. [Many replies have been received.] good luck, and is freely used to present to friends has, from time immemorial, been an emblem of and guests. But although the orange is said to have been first brought by the Portuguese from China in 1547, nevertheless this fruit is supposed to have been the golden apple of Juno, which grew Dr. Mead and Dr. Freind (7th S. vii. 427).—in the garden of Hesperides. As the golden apple In his new edition of The Gold-headed Cane,' London, 1884, p. 50, Dr. Munk suggests that the amount was probably five hundred guineas, and that the mistake arose through an error in transcribing. Dr. Freind's imprisonment only lasted three months. EDWARD M. BORRAJO. The Library, Guildhall, E.C. I am almost sure that I read it in Nichols's 'Anecdotes. I know he mentions that Dr. Maty wrote a life of Mead, or memoir, which appeared 1755, in 12mo. This is probably a fuller account of Mead than he gave in his Journal Britannique, published at the Hague. Mead died the year before; so if, as I think, Maty mentions it, it must be the earliest mention. Munk's 'Roll of the Coll. Phys.' does not mention the fact either under "Freind" or "Mead." But if he did, it would not settle this question, as no authorities are given in that book. C. A. WARD. SIR CHARLES CHRISTOPHER PEPYS (7th S. vii. 389, 436). He was buried at Totteridge, co. Herts, was presented to the Queen of Heaven upon her marriage with Jupiter, we find here a definite explanation of the meaning attached to the fruit. But besides this it seems that orange blossom was used centuries ago by Saracen brides in their personal decorations on the great day of their lives. It was meant to typify fruitfulness, and it is to be blossom at the same time, and it is remarkable for noted that the orange tree bears both fruit and its productiveness. It is possible, then, that the idea of orange blossom for bridal decoration was brought from the East by the Crusaders; but we have been unable to trace at what date the custom began to be followed in England. 71, Brecknock Road. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. I believe this subject has been discussed in N. & Q.' The orange is said to have been chosen for marriage wreaths as an emblem of beauty combined with fertility, inasmuch as it bears at the same time flowers, foliage, and fruit. Folkard says the custom is derived from the Saracens. He also states that in Crete the bride and bridegroom are sprinkled with orange-flower water, and that in Sardinia oranges are hung upon the horns of the oxen that draw the nuptial carriage. Is there any connexion between this use of the orange and the fruit that figures in the tales of Atalanta and Acontius and Cydippe ? C. C. B. Dr. Brewer, in his 'Dictionary of Phrase and Fable,' has well epitomized all that appears to be known as to this. The custom appears to have obtained amongst the Saracens, and the tree being in the East an emblem of fecundity as well as representing the varied epochs of life at one and the same time Some ripening, some ready to fall; the hope of a prosperous marriage was expressed by the use of the flowers. See also Spectator, No. 155. In later times the use of that particular flower has doubtless been dictated by the above, in conjunction with an eye to effect also on the part of the milliner and dressmaker, and the comparative purity of the flower and its special per fume. R. W. HACKWOOD. See N. & Q.,' 3rd S. x. 290, 381; xi. 45, 166; 4th S. i. 429. JONATHAN BOUCHIER. TELEGRAM (7th S. vii. 162, 261, 293).-Your correspondent A. C. says that "Telegram made his first appearance in the autumn of 1857." According to N. & Q' he is an older gentleman, as he was born in 1852 (2nd S. iv. 408; v. 375). Jaipur, Rajputana. W. F. PRIDEAUX. P.S.-Out of three competent persons to whom I have referred the question, the testimony of two agreed with mine. The third knew it in the form suggested by your correspondent, and supposed the particular Hervey originally to have been the notorious Lord Fanny, in which case the sense of the phrase would be quite other from that to which I have always heard it applied. The famous Lord Hervey was one of the friends of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu; their intimacy, however, did not prevent Lady Mary from laughing at him, as proved by her well-known remark that "his world consisted of men, women, and Herveys," which was unquestionably hers. See 'The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,' by W. Moy Thomas, 1861, vol. i. p. 95. HENRY GERALD HOPE. Freegrove Road, N. JOHN ELWES (7th S. vii. 308, 414).—I am much obliged to your three correspondents who have been good enough to reply to my query. As suggested, I wrote to the Vicar of Stoke, and the result is satisfactory. In reply he kindly sent me three inscriptions" on flagstones in the floor" of the chancel of his church, which, as they are short, I give for the benefit of, and as requested by, R. F. S.:John Elwes Esq Died November 26, 1789, Aged 75 years. Sr Hervey Elwes Bart. Died October 22, 1768, Aged 80 years. John Elwes Esq Died September 15, 1750, Aged 66 years. As regards No. 2, I may mention that Burke and the Dict. of National Biog.' give 1763 as the date of death. I have not been able to identify the relationship of No. 3 to the other two. ALPHA. He was buried at Stoke-by-Clare, co. Suffolk, in the register of which parish is the annexed entry: John Elwes Esqr died in Barkshire, buried in Sto e Decr the 4th 1790 in the 79th of his age. A slab in the floor bears the inscription :- Died November 26th 1789 It will be observed that the entry in the register is incorrect in two points, viz, the age and year of death. DANIEL HIPWELL. 34, Myddelton Square, Clerkenwell. CASA DE PILATOS (7th S. vii. 107, 237, 433).The tradition referred to by MR. PATTERSON, that Pontius Pilate after leaving Palestine occupied an and was drowned in some lake in that country, is official position in Boetica, a province of Hispania, the following account in Murray's 'Handbook for probably the same (with a difference of locality) as Switzerland' of Mount Pilatus on Lake Lucerne: quity, this mountain derives its name from Pilate, the "According to a wild tradition of considerable antiwicked Governor of Judæa, who, having been banished to Gaul by Tiberius, wandered about among the mountains, stricken by conscience, until he ended his miserable existence by throwing himself into a lake on the top of the Pilatus. The mountain, in consequence, labours under a very bad reputation. From its posi the Alps, it collects the clouds which float over the tion as an outlier, or advanced guard of the chain of plains from the W. and N.; and it is remarked that almost all the storms which burst upon the lake of Lucerne gather and brew on its summit. This almost perpetual assembling of clouds was long attributed by the superstitious to the unquiet spirit still hovering round the sunken body, which when disturbed by any intruder, especially by the casting of stones into the lake, revenged itself by sending storms, and darkness, and hail on the surrounding district. So prevalent was the belief in this superstition, even down to times comparatively recent, that the Government of Lucerne forbade the ascent of the mountain, and the naturalist Conrad Gessner, in 1555, was obliged to provide himself with a special order, removing the interdict in his case, to enable him to carry on his researches upon HENRY DRAKE. the mountain." BURIAL OF A HORSE WITH ITS OWNER (7th S. vi. 468; vii. 56, 156, 257).—Apropos of this it may be worth while to cite Longfellow's lines in the Burial of Minnisink': They buried the dark chief; they freed ROBERT PIERPOINT. un St. Austin's, Warrington, LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S LEXICON' (7th S. vii. 427). In what edition of this work does this " intentional pun appear? It is not in the first edition, Oxford, 1843, in which under σvкoþávτηs there is this remark,-"The literal signification is not found in any ancient writer; and is perhaps W. E. BUCKLEY. altogether an invention." TURKISH COAT OF ARMS (7th S. vii. 448).—I do not know what is meant by the heading; but if the title is not clear, at all events the centre of all Turkish "orders" is the Toora, or Sultan's supposed signature. D. ber rightly) had grown upwards from its base. Fact or fiction, the story obtains general credence amongst Salopians, and seems apposite to E. F. B.'s GUALTERULUS. inquiry. PULPITS IN CHURCHES (7th S. vii. 289, 394).— Apropos of the notes on this subject, it may be worth noting that the beautiful little church of Beau-Desert, Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire, a building of special interest to antiquaries, has no pulpit at all, but only, instead of one, a readingdesk fixed to the rood screen inside the chancel. Are there any other instances of churches without R. HUDSON. pulpits? Lapworth. "ON THE CARPET" (7th S. vii. 344, 432).—To be "carpeted," in popular phraseology, certainly does mean to be called on the carpet. An instance occurred in my hearing only a few days before MR. JULIAN MARSHALL'S note appeared at the last reference. A neighbour was telling me that his and son had become engaged to a young woman, had suffered much in the ordeal of "asking papa." He said, "He was carpeted before the old gentleman yesterday, and could get no sleep all night Č. C. B. after it." ROOK=SIMPLETON (7th S. vii. 423).-Two more references may be added to those given by Dr. NICHOLSON for this unusual use of rook :— "Let's be wise, and make rooks of them that, I warrant, are now setting purse-nets to conycatch us."Dekker's Westward Ho!' Act V. sc. i. "An arrant rook, by this light, a capable cheating stock; a man may carry him up and down by the ears like a pipkin."-Chapman's May Day,' Act III. p. 290 (Plays,' 1874). GEO. L. APPERSON. Wimbledon, entendre which have been given by A. J. M. and MISS BUSK are probably somewhat mythical; but here is something similar which is not mythical at all. Hymn 487 of the Wesleyan Hymn Book commences : 'VILLAGE MUSINGS' (7th S. vii. 266, 372, 430). GRINDSTONE AND SAPLING (7th S. vii. 207, 275' 434). It appears to me to be quite likely that in-The instances of hymn refrains with a double the case of a tree growing up through the hole of a grindstone the latter might eventually be raised several inches from the ground. This would arise through the expansion of the roots of the tree at the point where they leave the trunk. I have often noticed that when a tree is growing too near to a wall it not only forces the stones or bricks outwards, but seems to also lift up those of the lowest course. J. F. MANSERGH. Liverpool. When Admiral Benbow "flitted" from Shrewsbury he hung the key of his front door, at about his own height from the ground, on one of the trees that grew near his house. The key, when discovered, was not taken down, and in 1878 I saw it still hanging where the admiral had left it, except that it was then some twenty feet from the ground, and I was assured that it had ascended higher and higher as the tree (a lime, if I remem Two are better far than one Two are better far than one, it being thought that the bringing of the first and CELTIC CHURCH (7th S. vii. 429).-In Cormack's Chapel, on the Rock of Cashel, where the independ ence of the Irish Church was destined to be signed away and surrendered to Rome, the draped figure on the cross, the bishop blessing with open palm, and the inclined position in plan of the chancel, are all said to point to an Eastern origin. R. T. H. is referred to a pamphlet entitled 'St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland in the Third Century,' by R. Steele Nicholson (Archer & Sons, Belfast, 1867), and to Dr. Todd's great work on the Irish Church. GUALTERULUS. That the Celtic Church in England and its (in part, at least) mother Church in Ireland did not originate from Rome seems to be proved by their observance of Easter being non-Roman; also the tonsure used by their priests. H. J. MOUle. Dorchester. MONTE VIDEO (7th S. vii. 7, 293, 333).—There is no doubt G. D. is correct as to the pronunciation; but a friend who has passed the greater part of his life in South America objects to the derivation "vine-clad," as he says there were no vines from which such an appellation could have been derived. R. H. BUSK. CHRISTIAN ERA (7th S. vii. 189, 353).-I have come across an earlier instance of the use of this expression than the one which I gave at the latter reference. It is to be found in 'Of the posts or Eræ, commonly used by Chronologers and Historians, with a Brief Explanation thereof,' by Sir George Wharton. This work was evidently written in 1657, but I quote from the 'Collection' published by John Gadbury in 1683:- Epochoe "The Greek Church numbereth from the Creation to Christ's Era, 5508 compleat years...... Therefore the year 1657, Current of the Christian Era, beginneth the 7165 current year of the World, according to the Grecian Account."-P. 49. Liverpool. J. F. MANSErgh. of surnames derived from various rivers (vol. i. p. 61). But, after all is said, derivations are dangerous, and it is quite possible that at least some of the names may have come from other sources, and may have merely a verbal resemblance to the rivers. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. Hastings Corporation Reference Library. SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN (7th S. vii. 407).—I have in my possession a deed, signed and sealed parish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, in the County by Wren, in which he is described as "of the of Middlesex, Knight." The date is Dec. 19, 1713, The deed is a contract for sale by Wren to Thomas Ward, of the borough of Warwick, timberman, of certain timber at Wroxhall, in Warwickshire. I believe Wren was then lord of the manor of Wroxhall. CHAS. FREDC. HARDY. Gray's Inn, Wren's official residence, after Denham's death, was Scotland Yard. Under the head of "Dulwich College," Cunningham says that Wren lived in a large brick house, on the right, after passing Camberwell Green, "when building St. Paul's." He also says that he is said to have lived in a house in Walbrook, afterwards No. 5. He gives no authority in either case. I have never met with the tradition as to the house in St. Paul's Churchyard. The house in St. James Street is not known. It is very likely indeed that he held it on a Crown lease; if so, it would be at the bottom of the street. He certainly held his place at Hampton Court so. I believe he had a house in Bankside before he succeeded to Denham's post, but I cannot recall where I saw it. I think it was much nearer to the bridge than the Falcon Foundry. Walthamstow. C. A. WARD. MR. WYATT PAPWORTH will find information about Sir Christopher Wren's supposed residence near the Falcon Foundry in 'The Inns of Old YOUNGER OF HAGGERSTON (7th S. vii. 408). Haggerston, in the northern division of co. North-Southwark and their Associations,' pp. 353-5. umberland, is a township four miles east from Ancroft, and contains Haggerston Castle, long the residence of the Haggerston family. DANIEL HIPwell. 34, Myddelton Square, Clerkenwell. ST. SEINE (7th S. vii. 205, 333, 415).—In the north of Ireland there are several family names taken from Irish rivers, notably Shannon, Lagan, and Lee. Wordsworth, in his dedicatory sonnet to the Earl of Lonsdale, has a line which reads:Beside swift-flowing Lowther's current clear. Mrs. Riddell, in her charming story, 'Mitre Court,' describes most picturesquely an old house in Botolph Lane, now used for the Billingsgate and Tower Ward School, and says that Wren once lived there. Can any authority be found for this statement? PHILIP NORMAN. REPRESENTATIONS OF TEARS ON TOMBSTONES (7th S. vii. 239, 366).—Tears on tombstones tell the same tale as the lachrymatories of the ancients; and if they tell it after a simpler, rougher fashion, I cannot see that their mode of expression is a whit more absurd than the one which classic asso I do not see that any correspondent bas mentioned ciation has taught us to regard with gravity. this river name. Glenmore, Lisburn, Ireland. W. W. DAVIES. Reference should be made to Lower's 'English Surnames' for a list (partly quoted from Camden) Throughout Normandy it is usual to find black tears painted on white grave-crosses, and white tears on black ones; for tears must surely be signified by the Prince Rupert drop shaped figures which are placed under, above, or about so many memorial as an attorney, which branch of the legal profession inscriptions. No niggard weeping is indicated he continued successfully to practice for the period thus; and not modern altogether is the symbolism. of nearly twelve years. In 1813 he married Mary, There are tear-like figures in the Bayeux tapestry, daughter of William Williams, Esq., and widow on the bed where the defunct Confessor lies. "Celui- of William De Vaynes, banker. About this date ci," says the Abbé J. Laffetay, in his pleasant his- he retired from practice as an attorney, became a torical and descriptive notice of the needlework, member of the Inner Temple, and was called to "dite de la Reine Mathilde," "celui-ci est couché sur the bar on February 7, 1817, being then thirtyun lit parsemé de larmes." I am much mistaken if I five years of age. In Easter, 1824, he was made have not sometimes seen spots intended to represent a serjeant-at-law, and in 1827 he was further tears on that curious material crape, which, both advanced by being made King's Serjeant. After in this country and in France, seems to be indis- many previous struggles he secured, in the month pensable to the outfit of a complete mourner. of May, 1838, the parliamentary seat of NewarkST. SWITHIN. on-Trent, a borough which he continued to represent through subsequent Parliaments till 1841, when he was returned for Worcester. His steady support of the Whig party, and his great ability, secured for him, on February 9, 1840, the post of Solicitor-General, and the distinction of knightHe became Attorney-General in June, 1841, but this post he only held for the period of two months, until the fall of Lord Melbourne's administration. July, 1846, saw him promoted to the position of Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and on July 15, 1850, he was made Lord Chancellor, with a patent of peerage, by which he was created Lord Truro, of Bowes, Middlesex. This position he held for the period of nineteen months only, viz., until February, 1852, when his party was compelled to retire from office. Lord Truro's first wife died in June, 1840. After remaining a widower for five years he married Some time ago I remember reading in a newspaper that in Père la Chaise cemetery there is a monument in the form of tear. The monument was erected by a husband to his wife, and bore the inscription, "Judge by that how I loved her." I unfortunately do not remember the name of the ALPHA. paper or the date. hood. Such monumental monstrosities as tears carved on tombstones are very common in France, and may be seen not only at Rouen, in Normandy, and Dinan, in Brittany, but also in every French churchyard. Tears are, moreover, emblazoned on the pall and every drapery used in funeral ceremonies in that country. I think they are proper devices and memorials of the grief of the survivors. They also very frequently put a broken pillar in France on the tomb of a youth, as a sign that he was cut off in his prime. Sometimes an hour-Augusta Emma D'Este, daughter of the Duke of glass with the sand down is carved on a tomb to show that the sand of the deceased has run out. "The humblest peasant, whatever may be his lowly lot while living, is anxious that some little respect may be paid to his remains," says Washington Irving; and hence simple-minded, loving people, in the country or elsewhere, are fond of adorning the tombs of their departed friends with devices and inscriptions, which are soothing memorials to tender hearts, indeed, but are also sometimes apt to raise a laugh or a smile when viewed with strange, indifferent eyes. Paris. DNARGEL. LORD TRURO (7th S. vii. 428).-Thomas Wilde, first Baron Truro, was born in Warwick Square. He represented Newark-on-Trent from 1831 to 1841, when he was elected member for Worcester, and he held this latter seat until 1846, when he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. He was buried in the church of St. Law rence, near Ramsgate. EDWARd M. Borrajo. The Library, Guildhall, E.C. Lord Truro was born on July 7, 1782, in Warwick Square, and was the second son of Thomas Wilde, attorney-at-law. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and in the year 1805 was admitted Sussex and Lady Augusta Murray, whose legiti- Richmond, Surrey. THREADNEEDLE STREET (7th S. vii. 368).—This name can scarcely be derived from the three needles in the arms of the Needlemakers' Company. Pennant says that the street is so named from the Merchant Taylors' Hall being in it. Also, in an article in the Mirror of July 23, 1825, it is stated that "Threadneedle Street, having Merchant Tailors' Hall in it, decides its origin at once." And Isaac D'Israeli may be quoted. In his 'Curiosities of Literature' he says, speaking of the names of our streets, that "Thread-needlestreet was originally called Thrid-needle-street, as Samuel Clarke dates it, from his study there." This word thrid, I should think, is an example of the other form of thread, and is not connected with three or third. JULIUS STEGGALL. This street is named after the Merchant Taylors' Company, which acquired an estate there as early |