named from its producing salivation and the other Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &o. Sea, a mountainous country, in the recesses of which the ophthoi, or monks of paganism, the Christian recluses of St. Anthony and St. Paul, and the Roman convicts who were condemned to the marble quarries, existed century after century. Meanwhile, during fifteen hundred years much of the trade between Europe and the East traversed the passes to and from Coptos and the seas on the north and east. But the crowning interest of this region exists in the ancient and, for more than seventeen hundred years, deserted quarries, where countless slaves, captives, and criminals were slain by labour before Cambyses and Darius wrote their names upon the cliff-like sides of the prodigious Hammamat excavation of sand Lives of Twelve Good Men. By John William Burgon, B.D., Dean of Chichester. 2 vols. (Murray.) As "a lover of good men," and one that would not willingly let the odour of their lives be lost to posterity, Dean Burgon has embalmed the memory of twelve worthies personally known to himself in these two inter-phyrites blocks lie so hard that a fragment will cut esting volumes. They come to us with pathetic a880ciations, as having only left the hands of their pious author in his dying moments. He did not live to see their issue from the press; and, as if prescient of the fact, he closes his preface with the touching remark that a friend lately lost "sleeps-where I shall soon myself be sleeping-in Holywell cemetery." Dean Burgon defines his aim in this work as an attempt to show that biographies might with advantage be confined within narrower limits than they usually are, and at the same time exhibit their subjects in such a way that future generations may think that they had seen and known them. This aim he has fully succeeded in realizing. His lives are vivid portraits of the men as they lived and spoke and acted, their peculiarities of look and manner, of voice and gesture being presented, often with a good deal of dry humour, so that we almost seem to have enjoyed their personal acquaintance. The three which will probably interest the largest number of readers are the sketches of the venerable Dr. Routh, "the learned divine"-a very full one; Henry John Rose, to whom more than any other one man, Dr. Burgon thinks, is to be assigned the honour of having originated that great revival in the Church of England known as the Oxford Movement; and Samuel Wilberforce, the model bishop. The notice of Dr. Routh, as a survival into our own times of a generation long gone by; affords an opportunity for depicting the manners and customs of Oxford as it was in a digression which is exceedingly quaint and amusing. We have here the locus classicus (vol. i. p. 73) for the often-quoted story about the quintessential axiom which the aged President of Magdalen drew out of his lifelong literary experience, "Always verify your references, sir." It was in response to a request of young Burgon that this invaluable precept was formulated. These records of nineteenth century saints, as edifying in matter as they are attractive in their manner, are worthy to stand on the same shelf with Izaak Walton's charming Lives' and the ecclesiastical biographies of Christopher Wordsworth; and Dean Burgon, sound and typical churchman as he was, would desire (we imagine) no better commendation for his book than that. Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects. stone which is still a wonder of the world. At Porglass. At Mons Claudianus lie many cylinders weighing two hundred tons each, and shaped with exquisite accuracy. Of the antique quarries the last lease was granted to Epaphroditos, imperial freedman, A.D. 147. There has been no other lessee till Mr. Brindley set to work at this place. How he went by the route of Roman commerce; how, often toiling amid remains of antique quarrying, vast slides for ponderous masses of stone to be let down, and stations for guards and labourers, he discovered a prodigious quantity of the porphyry he was in search of, the reader must learn for himself. The architect and geologist will profit by Mr. Brindley's energy. From him they may hear of the alabaster of the ancients, and of their porphyry, granite, diorite, syenite (statuary and building materials of the Egyptians), sandstone (breaking up of which has supplied materials for the desert), limestone (which outlasts granite), and many conglomerates. He purposes to supply us with the veritable imperial porphyry (which the emperors absolutely monopolized) at the price of granite, and worked like that material. After this any Briton's son may be born in a porphyry chamber, as were the Porphyrogeniti of Byzantium, and our County Councils may try to make us pay for porphyry columns like Constantine's, which was one hundred feet high. This volume is further devoted to useful papers on the Recent Development of Vienna,' Masonry for Students,' an éloge on the late Mr. Beresford Hope, Viollet-le-Duc' (comprising a noble testimony to a wonderful man, who was worthy of the laudari a laudatis which has been his lot), Illuminants and Ventilation (a highly practicable paper), The Temple of Jupiter Olympius (by Mr. F. E. Penrose), On Legal Decisions affecting Architects' (by Mr. F. M. White), Mogul Art in the India Museum, A Tour in Provence and Languedoc' (rich in intelligent notes and sketches), 'A Tour in Italy' (of which the same may be said), a capital Prize Essay on Church Planning,' and 'Sculpture in its relation to Architecture,' with an introduction by Mr. G. Aitchison. The Floating Island in Derwentwater, its History and Mystery, with Notes of other Dissimilar Islands. By G. J. Symons, F.R.S. (Stanford.) 6 THIS little book gives an account of the circumstances relating to the curious phenomenon that near the southeastern shore of Lake Derwentwater a small island, or rather three little islets (the westernmost of which is the largest, being about forty feet by thirty in extent, and its western side about 480 feet distant from the shore), appear at irregular intervals, about once in four years, floating on the surface of the water, and remaining so for about a month. The mass of matter composing them is at other times at the bottom of the lake. When elevated, the upper part is from six to eighteen inches above the level of the water, and covered with aquatic vegetation. The peculiarity of these as compared with other floating islands (of which Mr. Symons mentions a few taken from ancient and modern authors) is the fact of their occasional instead of permanent appearance. The earliest account of them which Mr. Symons has been able to discover is in 1773, by Hutchinson, author of the History of the County of Cumberland,' which was published in 1794. The view (now known to be erroneous) is there expressed that the island does not float, but simply appears above water when the level of the lake is low. Sir G. B. Airy (late Astronomer Royal) made some careful observations of it in the autumn of 1876, and thought it probable "that there is a depression of the lake bottom at the place where the floating island appears." It can hardly be doubted that the mass is caused to float by the formation of gases in its interstices, which render at times its specific gravity somewhat less than that of water; and this view has been well expressed by Dr. Alexander Knight, of Keswick, But more complete knowledge respecting the special conditions which lead to the formation of these gases in such a way as to produce the effect in question would be of great interest; and Mr. Symons has published this interesting little volume for the purpose of calling attention to the subject and eliciting further information with regard to it. The Archaeological Review. Vol. I. (Nutt.) WE are now able to take a fair view of the work which Mr. G. L. Gomme and his fellow-labourers are seeking to accomplish, and we are glad to find that the new review bids fair to hold its own with good promise of usefulness in the field of scientific archæological research. We hope that everything will not be settled off-hand by a reference to totemism, or to exogamy and endogamy. Sir Henry Maine's warnings on this latter point, in his Early Law and Custom,' deserve more attention than they receive, as do also his warnings, in the same work, on the evidence alleged for customs among savage races. Mr. Gomme has himself been too confiding, we cannot but think, in accepting as an old Scottish custom an absurd story of a practice attributed in legend to a Celtic saint whom we do not recognize as St. "Cowie," though we are familiar with the district said to have been under his patronage. Prof. Kovalevsky gives some very interesting details both of Russian village communities and of the survival which he believes he has traced of Iranian culture among the peoples of the Caucasus. Some of the facts collected by the professor and by official friends of his in the Caucasus are certainly very striking, as evidences of an apparent survival of Zoroastrian practices and beliefs among nominally Christian races. A somewhat analogous case of the survival of their original Christian practices and beliefs among a nominally Mohammedan people might have been cited from Bosnia, where the Begs accepted Islam only to save their lands and their position. Mr. J. G. Frazer's paper on 'The Language of Animals' is full of interesting folk-tales, and opens a wide field for research. The various index lists in course of publication will form a useful addition to the archeologist's library. The Review, as a whole, seems likely to supply a want in our periodical literature, and its second volume promises to be quite as full of interest as the first. WE have received The Railway Diary and Official Directory for 1889, and two volumes of the "Novocastrian Series" from Mr. Walter Scott, Newcastle-onTyne. MR. W. RAE MACDONALD, F.F.A., has published a volume of great interest to mathematicians, in which he gives a translation of Napier's original description of the invention and construction of logarithms, which have so greatly abridged the labour of calculations of many kinds, but especially those required in astronomy, in which trigonometry is concerned. He also gives in it a complete bibliography of the various editions of Napier's works, with the names of the principal public libraries which possess copies. Messrs. Blackwood are the publishers. MESSRS. TRUBNER & Co. have published a second edition of The Bacon-Shakspere Question, answered by C. Stopes. The First Part of Henry IV. Edited by O. Elton. (Rivingtons.)-An admirable little edition of the play for educational purposes. UNDER the authority of the Corporation of Gloucester, A Calendar of the Corporation Records' will, by subscription, be issued in two volumes, in an edition limited to 300 copies, of which fifty are on large paper. The publication will be under the eminently competent editorship of Mr. W. H. Stevenson and the Rev. Wm. Bazeley. MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE will begin on Monday a four days' sale of the Hopetoun Library. This fine library includes bindings by Clovis Eve, and many books and MSS. of the kind which appeal most directly to collectors. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." F. W. D. ("Bibliography").-Like most last-century books relating to America, the Poems' of Freneau in the original is scarce. It was reprinted by John Russell Smith in a form similar to that of "The Library of Old Authors," now published by Reeves & Turner. 6th S. vii. 309, and elicited a conjecture from MR. JULIAN A. T. ("Black Maria ").-Your question was_asked MARSHALL (6th S. vii. 355), but no definite information. LAKE LOTHING.-("Jettison Justice.") Do you not refer to Jedwood justice, to hang a person first and try him afterwards? See Scott, Fair Maid of Perth,' cap. xxxii.-("Curse of St. Ernulphus.") Some contributor may be able to state what this signifies. G. S. P. ("Photographs ").-We are unable to supply the information you seek. J. E. P. ("Bristol Church owned by the Corporation"). 148, remains unanswered. -An inquiry after other churches so owned, 7th S. iii. F. B. ("Dancing as a Christian Ceremony ").-See 7th S. iii. 166, 435; iv. 254, where all the information you seek is given. X. Y. Z. ("Diet").-Such inquiries are outside our sphere. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 22, Took's Court, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. Cave-Chromo, 169. of musical notation, the neums (neumæ or neumata*), used in these MSS., having some resemblance in form to the Tironian notes, and written without a stave, could at all serve the purpose in view, except as a mere aid, subordinate and supplemental to the recollection of traditional viva voce teaching. On this point Père Lambillotte, to whose work I shall have occasion to refer again, says, p. 193 : "The neumic notation had hardly anything in common, as regards musical value, with ours. In the latter the mere inspection of a note tells us the precise tone corresponding to it, and we need no external help to show whether we are to sound do or re or any other note. Such, however, was neither the effect nor the aim of the neums. These only indicated: 1. How many sounds each REPLIES:-John Bunyan, 169-Last Believer in the Phoenix, 170-Visitations of Norwich-Arms Wanted-HigheringCol. Whitelocke-Schoolgirl's Epitaph. 171-Yorkshire Ex-sign represented; 2. Whether the order of those sounds pressions-Quotation from Dante-Definition of a Proverb -Biography-Rev. J. Hackman-Fotheringhay Castle, 172 -Book Illustrating - Vase, 173 Burchett Chymer"Gofer" Bells-Rev. W. Anderson O'Conor, 174-Heraldry, 175-The Nimbus-Sir J. Friend-Howe Family, 176-Book Muslin-Capt. Marryat-"Dolce far niente"- VillonAldermen of London-History of the Court of Charles II.Chapman's All Fools,' 177-Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock"The one" and "the other"-Burton Betham-Long Perne Court-"There's a difference I ween"-Sir A. Hart, 178-Authors Wanted, 179. - NOTES ON BOOKS:-Young's 'Dramas of Sophocles' Way's Homer's Iliad, Vol. II.-Ebsworth's Roxburghe 'Out in the '45' and 'The King's Daughter.' Notices to Correspondents, &c. Notes, ANTIPHONARIES OF METZ AND OF ST. GALL. It seems to have been men, rather than books, that Charlemagne asked for, and Adrian sent, to revive the genuine Gregorian chant among the Franks. A monk of St. Gall in the eleventh century, Ekkehard IV., otherwise named Ekkehardus Minimus, records the circumstance in his chronicle called 'Casus [i.e., de Casibus] Sancti Galli,' cap. iii., as follows: "Karolus Imperator cognomine Magnus......rogat Papam......ut iterum mittat Romanos cantuum gnaros in Franciam. Mittuntur secundum regis peticionem Petrus et Romanus,* et cantuum et septem liberalium artium paginis admodum imbuti, Metensem ecclesiam, ut priores . e., as those formerly sent], adituri." As a matter of course the envoys took with them the necessary teaching "apparatus," in the form of transcripts from the Antiphonarium of St. Gregory the Great, which, we are told, was at that time (say, A.D. 790) carefully preserved at Rome as a standard for reference. was ascending, descending, or unisonant; 3. What was the value of the signs in relation to the mode to which the piece of music belonged. Consequently this value, which may be called numerical value and approximate tonal value, is all that we can expect from the neums. This is attested by the language of all ancient writers on this point. It was impossible to learn singing without the help of a master; an air was not read, but learnt by heart." I regard the antiphonary volumes in the present case as intended for the personal use of the bearers and their pupils, rather than as a direct gift to the emperor. Of the two manuscripts thus started on their way to Metz one was arrested in its progress by the illness of Romanus, who sought and found needful hospitality and nursing in the monastery of St. Gall. In compliance with a subsequent order from Charlemagne Romanus settled in that community as a teacher of the Gregorian chant; and apparently there is much reason to believe that his Antiphonary has remained in the possession of the abbey during the eleven centuries that have since elapsed. Forty years ago the MS. believed to be that of Romanus was-and presumably it still isNo. 359 in the catalogue of the MSS. in the abbey library. It bears the title, "Antiphonarium B. Gregorii M."; and, in a second but ancient hand, the following addition : "Liber pretiosus, item Graduale, et absque dubio illud ipsum Antiphonarium S. Gregorii Magni quod cantor Romanus ab autographo Romano descripsit et, a Papa in Germaniam missus, in theca secum ad Sanctum Gallum attulit." This long-hidden, or by the outside world long-forgotten, MS. was brought into notice about the year 1827 by Herr Sonnleitner, a member of a musical society at Vienna, who made a journey to the library of St. Gall in search of it. The Emperor of Austria is stated to have caused a facsimile from the Antiphonary to be made about the Martigny ('Dict. des Antiq. Chrét..' s.v. *Neuma Notæ quas musicales dicimus" (Ducange, Ecclésiastique") calls them Theodore and Benedict, appa-s.v. "Pneuma "), a meaning distinct from that of the rently on the authority of Joannes Diaconus, a Neapoli- Pneuma treated of in Smith and Cheetham's invaluable tan chronicler in the tenth century. 'Dict. of Christian Antiquities.' It is questioned, indeed, whether the system "Chant same date for the Vienna Library. The learned editor of the 'Monumenta Germanic' agrees with Sonnleitner and others in pronouncing this MS. to be the identical Antiphonary brought to St. Gall by Romanus, "as is clear," he says, "from many indications" ("ut ex multis indiciis patet "). A volume containing the story and description of the MS., an account of the external and internal evidence of its identity with that brought by Romanus, and a facsimile (unfortunately not photographic) of the whole of its 132 pages, with dissertations by Père Lambillotte, S.J., was published at Brussels in 1867. Father Lambillotte, an enthusiast for the revival of the true Gregorian chant, after examining, with that object in view, many ancient MSS. in Belgium, France, England, and several parts of Germany, paid a visit in 1848 to both Metz and St. Gall. Of the former he says only: "I knew that this city had formerly possessed precious liturgical documents and renowned Chant-Schools; I hoped that time might possibly have still left it some fragmentary remains of those ancient treasures; to my grief, I found that the revolutionary storm had robbed it of them all." From Metz early in September, 1848, F. Lambillotte proceeded to St. Gall; and, the two canons in charge of the library being absent on their vacation, succeeded, by the intervention of the landammann of the canton, in obtaining access to the Antiphonary. The ultimate result was a facsimile made in that and the following year by a M. Naef, the fidelity of which to the ancient MS., especially as regards the musical notation," was, after a careful collation, attested in a certificate signed by the dean, director of the library, and by the librarian. One cannot but wish that a facsimile, by one or other of the processes of recent invention based upon photography, could be made from the original. Such a reproduction of even an isolated page or two would furnish a means of measuring the accuracy and merit of the one edited by Lambillotte, and help to a sound palæographical judgment of the age of the St. Gall manuscript. The abbey of St. Gall was secularized after the French Revolution. Its church is now the cathedral of the diocese of St. Gall and Appenzel, while the library has, I understand, passed into the hands of the Municipality, and is under the management of a commission. JOHN W. BONE, F.S.A. TELEGRAM. Among your researches, critical, historical, antiquarian, &c., will you deign to give space for a note on telegram? Telegram made his frst appearance in the autumn of 1857. There was an awful ado at his birth. Cambridge rose as one man to stifle, kill, and exterminate him. Oxford hung fire noun substantive for a time, made a feeble effort to defend him, how tion. On either theory telegram is safe; on either theory telegrapheme is an impossibility. We have previously shown that it is so on_the_adverbial, it is equally so on the prepositional. Fancy such a form as mypápnua. The very thought might arouse old grammarians from death's deepest slumbers. How I pity poor schoolboys, who still, I fear, have to learn in Farrar's Greek Syntax' the grammatical falsehood that telegram is a monstrous barbarism, but that telegrapheme is a correct form! During the contest in 1857 I had occasion to look into an English grammar. Therein I read, "Now lettest Thou Thy servant," with the remark added, "Observe the force of the imperative mood." I dare say that same English grammar is still on the list of books recommended by educational authorities for elementary schools. "O dura messorum ilia!" No; the garlick was nothing compared with such grammatical garbage prepared for the young. "O dura puerorum ilia" indeed, if they can swallow the same without utter destruction to their mental digestion ! A. C. P.S.-The battle of the grams and graphemes, as witnessed by Tiresias, may follow, if permitted, in another note. Wiltoniæ pontifice Ethelwaldo...... merito videret." On the evening (not the vigil) of St. Edith's Day vespers of St. Edith herself were sung, and a commemoration (mentio) made of St. Lambert, B. and M., whose feast falls next day (September 17). For some reason, while St. Lambert has been retained in the present Anglican calendar, St. Edith has been omitted-in fact, both the St. Ediths are absent from it. There are about eighteen columns of print in the 'Acta SS.' about St. Edith of Wilton. The Bollandists expressly state that there were a number of St. Ediths, and therefore Mr. Hawker's error is most excusable. St. Edith of Wilton. The ancient town and borough of Wilton, near Salisbury-where_the magnificent basilica built by the late Sidney Herbert, first Baron Herbert of Lea, now standsderives its name from the little river Willey (compare Williton in Somersetshire), at the confluence of which with the Nadder the town is built. It formerly returned two members to Parliament. Ellandunum is mentioned as its earlier namee. g., there was a Weolstan, Earl of Ellandunum. While St. Edward the Confessor was building the church collegiate of St. Peter of Westminster, on Thorney Island, in midstream of the Thames marshes, his wife Edith was building a stone THE VARIOUS ST. EDITHS IN THE WESTERN church at Wilton in lieu of the wooden one where CALENDAR. The chief authorities that I can find on the saints named Edith in the Western Church are:-'Portiforium ad usum Ecclesiæ Sarisburiensis,' i. e., the Sarum Breviary; the Bollandist 'Acta Sanctorum,' die XVI Sept., tom. v. (folio), Antverpiæ, MDCCLV., pp. 364-72;'Memoirs of late Rev. H. S. Hawker,' by Mr. Baring-Gould, which books I have consulted; and also another book, by a German scholar, which is contained in one of the catalogues issued by Messrs. Parker, the eminent publishers at Oxford and London, "S. Editha, sive chronicon Vilodunense im Wiltshire Dialekt, aus MSS., Cotton., Faustina B. III., herausg. v. Horstmann." The late Mr. Hawker, of Morwenstow, in Cornwall, was a man of whom, as a kind and generous friend (and many are now living who bless his name), as a sacred poet of a high order, as an eloquent preacher and a profound believer in the Christian mysteries, I would always speak with high respect; but he was a little visionary and erratic in the historical region, and, as Mr. BaringGould candidly states, he fell into a very pardonable blunder by confusing two distinct St. Ediths -i. e, St. Edith of Wilton, near Salisbury, and her aunt, St. Edith of Polesworth, in Warwickshire. They were both nuns, and presided over their respective houses. The Sarum Portiforium, Sept. 16, "Edith Virginis Fest.," has a collect which I do not here give, as your space is valuable, and also various "lections," "Interveniente sancto Dr. Todd, of T.C.D., mentions in his valuable work on St. Patrick that primitive Christian churches in Ireland were built of wood, or even of mud and clay. St. Edith of Wilton was daughter of St. Edgar the King, by Wilfrida, his wife. In one chronicle the saint's name is misspelt "Oditha." Wilfrida's name is spelt "Walftrudis" in the Life of St. Edith,' Ex. MS., Rubræ Vallis. She died a virgin and abbess of Wilton, and was buried in the church of St. Dionysius or Denys. Her "depositio" is said to have occurred on September 16, A.D. 974. Here I may be pardoned by your learned readers for noting that, as Dr. Todd has shown, in medieval church Latin depositio is an ambiguous term, and sometimes "burial," and sometimes "the putting off of the flesh," i. e., the day not of interment, but of physical death. Anyhow, it was the day either of St. Edith's death or of her obsequies. She was laid in the church which she herself had founded, and her popular cultus rapidly spread. There is a well of St. Edith at Church Eaton, in Staffordshire, which was a place of pilgrimage, and believed, like the "Holywells" in Wales, London, &c., and the = |