QUOTATION FROM CICERO (7th S. vi. 427, 494).— In continuation of MR. BIRCH's question as to Cicero and planting trees, may I ask whether any of your readers can help me to the source of the following lines?— ii., the country is judged by its appearance, as in the passage in question the persons are. Viator says, when he espies a church among the wild scenery of the Dove Valley,— CYVOS AD LYSAND: Multæ etiàm istarum arborum mea man, a very pretty church! Have you churches in this manu sunt satæ. CIC: Nemo sibi solum natus nilq' libero dignius. These lines are inscribed on a stone in the "public park" of the parish of Brixton, Devon, let into the wall of the churchyard, and are preceded by the following: "This Colony of Elms regularly disposed into walks was planted in November 1677 by Edward Fortescve of Spridleston, Esq Churchwarden, with the approbation and contribution of the Majority of Estated Parishioners. To the intent that (when perfect in growth and sold) Lands may be purchased with the money for the releife of the Poor of this Parish, & that posterity reaping the advantage of our benefaction may be encouraged to provide for more successions by substituting others in the room of these." The Latin lines are succeeded by the following: May Mithridates' Spirit still affright Seize such as think not sacred what is sate, And En'mies deem'd to poor, to Church & State. Four trees remain, the rest having been blown down in a storm about 1824. The English inscription is intelligible enough; is the Latin passage a quotation; and from whom? INGLETT. CHRISTENDOM OF CLOTHES (7th S. vii. 23).-Does not the reproach "they've worn out Christendom" refer to the men, and not to the clothes? The English just returned from France are ridiculed for their foreign appearance and bearing :They have all new legs, and lame ones; one would take it That never saw 'em pace before, the spavin, Or springhalt, reign'd among 'em! The Chamberlain then adds: Their clothes are after such a pagan cut, too, French or pagan clothes, probably new, could not have worn out a Christendom they had never received; but the men had so un-Englished themselves in habit and gait that they were ridiculed as having worn out or renounced thereby their Christianity. Trench, in his 'Select Glossary,' quotes Spenser, Wiclif, and other writers to show that the early meaning of the word Christendom was the profession of Christ's faith, or sometimes baptism, in which that profession was made. He remarks that though Shakspeare sometimes uses it in the early sense-as "by my Christendom" (King John,' IV. i., and elsewhere)-that his general and frequent use of it is in the later or modern sense, as signifying Christian, and not pagan or Mohammedan lands. In Walton and Cotton's 'Angler,' part ii. chap. seen "What have we here, a church? As I'm an honest country, sir? Piscator: You see we have; but had you none, why should you make that doubt, sir? thought myself a stage or two beyond Christendom." Viator: Why, if you will not be angry, I'll tell you. I H. H. B. Christendom is, I take it, put in contradistinction to heathendom, as indicating a mode of affiliation. Given the habits, manners, customs of Christian civilization, all will be found, on inquiry, to differ from the habits, manners, customs of pagans, even including clothes. A. H. LONGITUDE AND MARRIAGE (7th S. vii. 7, 58). -I am not a have an opinion upon MR. TROLLOPE's hypothelegal luminary," but I venture to tical case; and it is, that the marriage which he describes must be held valid. It was bad and adulterous in intention; but, like many other bad things, it was, me judice, good in law. The first wife died at 10.30 A.M., and the second wife was married at 11 A.M. on the very same day. It is true that when the first wife died the hour was 11.23 at a certain place where she did not die; and it is also true that when the second wife was married the hour was 10.30 at a place where she was not married. But the time at which a given event happens is that which is true for the place where it happens, and not that which is true for some other place. If it were not so, there would be no saying when any given event does happen. And therefore, when two events are correlative, as the two marriages are in this case, it follows that each of the two must be timed according to the longitude of the place where it happened. If this view be correct, the adulterous husband was already a widower when he married again with a bigamous intent; and law and justice, as usual, are found to be not in harmony. Temple. A. J. M. I am of opinion that the advantages of the flag are to be applied to the case here proposed. A ship carries her nationality with her wherever she goes. Everything which happens on board a British ship is reputed to have taken place on British ground; and if the thing is a matter of time, Greenwich time alone, of course, is to be considered, whatever my be the difference with the answer will almost certainly be, not what was place where the ships sails, steams, or rides. Paris. DNARGEL. In reply to my query on this subject, C. C. B. sends a singularly apposite case, which is very interesting. But the point of chief interest would be the legal decision, which he unfortunately has forgotten. I wish, as he wishes, that some "legal reader" could give it to us. MR. MARSHALL seems to me to have mistaken the point of my query. Of course there could be no "practical difficulty" in ascertaining the real sequence in time of the facts. Very little indeed of the "calculation" he speaks of would be needed for that purpose. Indeed, I carefully stated that the exact time of the death and that of the marriage were indisputable. My query was addressed not to astronomers, but to lawyers. The question is, What would their decision in the case be? T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. Budleigh Salterton. SOLANDER CASES (7th S. vii. 87).—MR. RHODES should not have looked in a dictionary, above all in one calling itself "encyclopedic," for an explanation of a term which is in the least degree technical. Dictionaries are to experts in technical matters causes of contempt and laughter; they generally give the wrong answer and blunder without stint. The celebrated case of the editor who looked for "portcrayon," found "pencil-case," and to his dying day refused to believe anything but his dictionarywhich was only a little more ignorant than himself -is in the minds of many on this head. A Solander case is the invention of Dr. Solander, of memory dear to readers of 'Cook's Voyages,' who used one to contain and preserve specimens for natural history, drawings, and matters of the kind. It is really a box, generally shaped like a book, one side of which, turning on hinges, serves for a lid, while the front, or fore edge of the case, is furnished with hinges to be let down, so that the fronts as well as the tops of the contents can be got at. Such things are sold by all stationers. 0. [Innumerable replies to the same effect are acknowledged.] CHOCK-FULL (7th S. vii. 87).—If Dr. Murray turns to p. 92 of the number of N. & Q.' containing his question, he will see an instance of "chock-full." That is certainly the way it was always pronounced on the "Wolds" round about the birthplace of Tennyson, and round Horncastle, where I was born and bred. But yet it is not improbable if I were to hear the word used, and were to say, "What's that? How do you spell it?" the person might reply, "C-h-o-k-e." The only way to catch these provincialisms is to catch them as they fly. Once let it be seen that an expression is noticed, and ask for it to be repeated, and the said before, but what your questioning causes them to think ought to have been said. Scarcely anything can be more offensive to rustics than to have remarks made upon their mode of expression. Only let them suspect that there is the slightest disposition to laugh at them, or that you are watching them, and they shut themselves up directly and "kna nowt." But the march of education is quite changing the manners and speech of the people. When I was caught in a heavy shower one day this week, my housemaid said, "Shall I take your coat into the kitchen to be dried? It is quite saturated with rain." A few years ago such a young woman would have said, "It's wringing wet "; or, perhaps, "It's as wet as muck." A day or two ago I received a letter from a neighbouring clergyman, in which he says: "I can plainly see the old times and things are effectually passing away; and the new School Boards and 'humbug' of education are producing a generation of villagers totally different from the old specimens who linger here and there like veterans of an annihilated army." As I have not been “etymologizing," I hope the My inquiry in 'N. & Q.' has brought me as yet SPENCE'S ANECDOTES' (7th S. vii. 46).-With reference to the communication from MR. CHARLES WYLIE, I may perhaps be permitted to state that I am at present engaged upon a selection from Spence's Anecdotes,' intended shortly to appear in a popular series of reprints. I am correcting such obvious errors as those pointed out by your correspondent; and it is my intention, so far as possible, to supply supplementary information about the persons mentioned by Spence, in the shape of brief introductions and explanatory foot-to this inhuman practice, but it did not destroy JOHN UNDERHILL. notes. 27, Courthope Villas, Wimbledon, S.W. the name Whipma-Whopmagate, a name which the street had gradually acquired. BRISTOW (7th S. vii. 28, 74).—I have to thank BIOGRAPHER for the references. As there seems a doubt about the spelling of this artist's name, I inspected his will at Somerset House. It is signed "Edmund Bristow." In the 'Dictionary of Na-ginal subscribers to Drake's folio in the year 1736; tional Biography' the name is written "Bristowe." C. B. STEVENS. COUNTESS OF BLESSINGTON (7th S. vii. 47).The Lawrence portrait of this lady is a half-length. She is seated, in a white dress, with her hands gracefully folded together over her lap. It was engraved in mezzotint by Samuel Cousins, R.A., in 1837, and also in line by J. H. Watt for the Amulet. ALGERNON GRAVES. 6, Pall Mall. ORIGIN OF ROSES (7th S. vi. 488).- And I have heard, that till this boy was borne The roses blushed, and turned themselves to red. 'Salamacis and Hermaphroditus,' 1602. The above extract from this ancient poem gives a : WHIPMA-WHOPMAGATE (7th S. vii. 68).-The legend of Whipma-Whopmagate is this. (I bad it on the spot from a competent person, who appeared to believe it.) Once upon a time a dog entered the church of St. Crux at York, and stole a consecrated wafer. He was pursued, and was slain in that part of the street called by ST. SWITHIN Colliergate, which adjoined the eastern end of the church. Now it happened, oddly enough, that in those days the people of York cared somewhat for religion the Bible had not as yet been tabooed in their schools; they venerated the sacrament of the altar; they could, as Miss Lucy Toulmin Smith (who is not a York lady) has shown, exhibit, or even put together very respectably, the mystery plays of Corpus Christi Day. Such were the York citizens in those rude and far-off times. And therefore the sacrilegious act above mentioned excited general indignation, and, whether by civic ordinance or licensed custom I know not, it became the practice of the town boys to gather together on Whipdog Day such members of the offending race as they could find, and to whip them and whop them soundly up and down the street at the east end of St. Crux. The blessed Reformation, to which we owe so much, put an end I observe that ST. SWITHIN mentions the late Francis Drake, Esq., F.R.S. and A.S. I am not unacquainted with his 'History of York,' for, indeed, as Levi was present at the interview between Abraham and Melchisedec, so I was one of the oriand, of course, I have the subscription copy still. Mr. Drake had a very good reason for being "sly" about the story of the dog, for even in his time people still used the churches of York, and sent their children to religious schools, and spoke of the sacraments with a reverence which he was not the man to lessen. Nay, when the Bluecoat boys and Greycoat girls went to church on Good Friday at "Belfrey's," and received each a hot cross bun in reward for that adventure, Mr. Drake was wont to observe that it was better, on Good Friday at least, to be a Bluecoat boy than even to be a F.R.S. and A.S. Great, however, and blessed is the difference between Mr. Drake's days and ours, for we learn from ST. SWITHIN that the destruction of old churches, for which York has become famous, is still prosperously agate. St. Crux was a beautiful ruin when I passed through the town four or five years ago; now, it appears, "etiam periere ruinæ," and the city authorities are squabbling about the price they are to give for the consecrated site. They need not squabble, for they have an excellent precedent. Let them offer thirty pieces of silver. A. J. M. My grandfather, who died 1833, aged eightyeight, and my mother, who would have been far over one hundred had she been living now, both knew York extremely well, and from my childhood I have been acquainted with the name of WhipmaWhopmagate as connected with public floggings. Children are generally cruel little things, and I suppose there was a sort of "whiskum-whascum" ring about the name which interested them. I have known the name all my life, but never as having any meaning but the obvious one. P. P. OLIVER CROMWELL AND CARLISLE CATHEDRAL : VIRGIL'S 'POLLIO' (7th S. vi. 244, 331, 397, 454 ; vii. 112).-I felt so much obliged to MR. E. WALFORD for his kindly endorsement of my article on Virgil (7th S. vi. 22, 192), that it is with a feeling akin to sorrow that I see his note on p. 112-sorrow both on MR. WALFORD'S account and my own. I have made no mistake in speaking of "the great poet of the 'Pollio."" The allusion is to Virgil's famous fourth eclogue, which is entitled 'Pollio.' Each of Virgil's eclogues is distinguished by a particular name in addition to its number. For instance, the first is entitled 'Tityrus,' the tenth 'Gallus,' and the eclogue in question (the fourth) 'Pollio.' The 'Pollio' eclogue is a glowing prophecy of an expected golden age, or, as I expressed it, quoting Tennyson-who, by the way, calls Virgil chanter of the "Pollio"""the blissful years again to be." It is as correct to speak of "the great poet of the 'Pollio"" as to speak of "the great poet of the ‘Odyssey' or "the great poet of the Faery Queene,' ,"Pollio' in this connexion being the title of a poem. How could I mean "the great poet Pollio," who, as MR. WALFORD, quoting Menalcas in the third eclogue, says, wrote "nova carmina," but none of whose "carmina," whether old or new, have come down to us? Ropley, Alresford. JONATHAN BOUCHIER. DYER, OF SHARPHAM (7th S. vii. 27). — Sir Ludovick Dyer was buried at Colmworth, co. Beds, November 15, 1669. He was father of Henry, his son and heir, who ob. September 22, 1687, at. one year, eleven weeks, and three days, and of Catherine, who was married at Colmworth to Edward Coke, of Holkham, co. Norfolk (created baronet December 30, 1641), January 13, 1641. There is no doubt that Sir Edward Dyer, the poet, was of this family, but his proper place in the pedigree has not, to my knowledge, been definitely fixed. I have a MS. pedigree which describes Sir Edward Dyer as eldest son of Sir Thomas Dyer, of Sharpham, co. Somerset (High Sheriff of Somerset in 1559), and Chancellor of the Garter, born 1540, buried May 11, 1607, at St. Saviour's, Southwark, M.P. for co. Somerset 30 Elizabeth; but I cannot vouch for the accuracy of the above. The present baronets, the Swinnerton Dyers, are descended from John Dyer, of Roundhill (grandfather of Sir Richard Dyer, Knt. and Bart., L.C.J.), by Jane, his second wife, daughter of John Erneley, of Cannynges, co. Wilts, and widow of Thomas Byfleet. My wife's family bear the same arms and are of the same stock; but, as is often the case, a link is wanting to complete the chain of evidence. That link is the parentage of John Dyer, of Langford, in par. Burrington, co. Somerset, who ob. April 24, 1697, and was buried there. I am collecting materials for a Dyer pedigree, and should be glad to correspond with those interested. F. A. BLAYDES. Bedford, spices being so near at hand." Pennant says that in the reign of William III. Bucklersbury was noted for the great resort of ladies of fashion to purchase tea, fans, and other Indian goods. The king in some of his letters appears to be angry with his queen for visiting these shops, which, it would appear from the following lines of Prior, were sometimes perverted to places of intrigue, for, speaking of Hans Carvel's wife, the poet says :— The first of all, the town was told, Where newest Indian things were sold; So, in a morning without bodice, Slipt sometimes out to Mrs. Thody's To cheapen tea or buy a skreen; What else could so much virtue mean? Bucklersbury was so named after the opulent family of the Bokerels, pepperers, who dwelt here in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and possessed large properties in Cordwainers' Ward; they were known as the Boccherelli, and of Italian origin. Andrew Bokerel, pepperer, was Mayor of the City of London in 1231, which office he held for seven consecutive years. He officiated as chief butler at the coronation of the good Queen Eleanor. His abode is designated Bokerelsburi in the ancient records preserved in the Guildhall; and in a manuscript of the year 1376 it is described as "a garden and house in the street of Bege row [Budge Row], with a gate in that street to the South and in Bokerelsburi to the North." This space of ground is clearly defined in Aggas's map of the sixteenth century. W. CHAFFERS. The late John Timbs, in his 'Curiosities of London,' 1855, p. 63, says that "Bucklersbury was a noted place for grocers and apothecaries, drugsters and furriers." This, if true, appears to me to be quite enough to account for its sweet savour "in simple time"; but the author proceeds, in a manner which is, I think, quite gratuitous and unwarrantable, to assume that "in Shakspeare's days it was, probably, a herb-market." For this assumption he gives no authority, nor can I find any such. JULIAN MARSHALL. BUCKLERSBURY (7th S. vii. 67).-It may interest SIR HENRY WOTTON (7th S. vii. 87).—Whatever URBAN to know that from an early date Bucklers- the "business" was which is mentioned in Sir bury was a market for herbs and spices. Stow Henry's letter, it appears to be likely that it was tells us that in his time "the whole street on both connected in some way with events that happened sides throughout is possessed by Grocers, and very shortly afterwards. That there was trouble Apothecaries towards the West end thereof." It "in the Grisons "at the time the letter was written was said proverbially of a fop, "lisping like a woman is pretty plainly proved by a relation of what took in man's apparel, that he was scented like Bucklers- place so soon as the year 1620, which is to be found bury in simple time," as Shakespeare has it. Soper in Parival's History of this Iron Age' (1656), Lane, which led into it, was "famous for pies, | pp. 90-1:— "The inhabitants of Valteline, being very ill treated by the Grisons, in the Exercise of their Religion, conspired against them, and by the help of Rodolph Plante killed a great multitude, and beat the rest out of the valley; and being succoured by the Spaniards (for the advancement of their own interest) made many Fortresses for their own defence. But the Venetians, jealous of their interest and laying aside that of Religion, were terrified by seeing the Gate of Italy shut up: and the King of France also, advertised by them of the common danger, declared his interest by an Embassadour, whom he sent to Madrid, the fruit of whose negotiation produced a Promise of restitution, provided that the Roman Catholicks were entyrely assured of their Exercise. For the Policy of the Spaniards is to tye the interest of Religion to that of state, as many other Princes towards the North also do and upon these grounds cold and disinteressed Catholicks endeavour to make them pass for Hypocrites, and perswade all the world that under this Cloak they will strip all Princes of their States," &c. There was trouble brewing also in Bohemia. Howell, in his 'Familiar Letters,' writing under date June 3, 1619, says : "Ther are great stirs like to arise twixt the Bohemians and their elected King the Emperour, and they are come already to that height that they consult of deposing him, and to chuse some Protestant Prince to be their king, som talk of the Duke of Saxony, others of the Palsgrave." The latter prince was the son-in-law of James I. Howell writes on the same subject after the Bohemians had revolted; see his letter dated March 1, 1619 (1620 N.S.). Rapin (ed. 1732) says that "James dispatched Sir Henry Wotton [in 1620]......to exhort to Peace all the Princes engaged in the quarrel between the Emperor and the Palsgrave," &c. (vol. ii. p. 200). Liverpool. J. F. MANSERGH. CROSS TREE (7th S. vii. 8).-Crosses were commonly used as boundary marks before the changes in religion in the sixteenth century. It seems, therefore, probable the asshe" which was "a crosse tree" at Wimbledon was a tree which grew beside one of these boundary crosses. Till about twenty years ago a large sycamore stood in the middle of "the town street" at Messingham, Lincolnshire. It no doubt supplied the place of the old village cross, and had its name in consequence. When it died a young sycamore was planted to replace the old one. I am glad to say that it grows rapidly. The old cross tree at Messingham was an object of interest in the neighbourhood, as it was known that John Wesley had preached under its shadow. EDWARD PEACOCK. Bottesford Manor, Brigg. In beating the bounds of parishes it is customary to mark the boundary, where possible, with a cross, to fix the limits of the two adjoining districts. The ash tree referred to had evidently been planted as a boundary tree, and marked in consequence with a cross, which would be renewed annually, or as often as the authorities went round. In the Saxon charters trees are frequently mentioned as indicating the boundary line. W. E. BUCKLEY. "Cross oaks were oaks growing at the junction of cross roads, which were supposed to possess the power of curing ague. The patient pegged a lock of his hair into the tree, and then, violently breaking the lock from his head, left it and (as it was believed) his malady also in the oak. Were the many supposed medical virtues of the ash thought to be enhanced by its being situate at the crossing of roads? If no other explanation of the passage is forthcoming this seems a likely one. C. C. B. An explanation of the cross tree is given in Hardwick's Traditions, Superstitions, and Folklore,' p. 75, where the whole subject is discussed. Gomme's 'Manners and Customs,' of the "Gentleman's Magazine Library," pp. 47 and 191-2, may also be consulted. J. W. Dalston, Carlisle. ERASMUS (7th S. vii. 49).—It is important that false notions should not get accepted. Pascal is credited, contrary to all evidence, with the invention of the wheel-barrow, and we shall now be told by the people who do the padding for provincial newspapers that Erasmus was the first person to whom the bright idea occurred that turf was useful for fuel. Your readers may rest assured that the use of turf for this purpose is prehistoric. I cannot give references at the present moment, but I am certain that I have seen notices as to the use of turf and peat for fires in manor court rolls many years before Erasmus was born. ANON. Erasmus having been a native of Holland may account for his having suggested the use of turf for burning. Turf is still extensively used as fuel in the Low Countries (Netherlands). J. S. WATER-MARKS (7th S. vii. 8).—See "Étude su les Filigranes des Papiers employés en France aux XIV et XV Siècles. Accompagnée de 600 Dessins Lithographiés. Par Etienne Midoux et Auguste Matton. A Paris, 1868. 8vo." The editors announce a similar work on the "filigranes" in use during the sixteenth century as in preparation, to be accompanied with 2,000 designs. W. E. BUCKLEY. |