HOMER, 'ILIAD,' VIII. vv. 557, 558.-In Homer's justly famous description of night in the eighth 'Iliad,' the two following lines are bracketed, both in the "Oxford Pocket Classics" and in the "Cambridge Greek Texts," thereby intimating (as I suppose) that they are considered to be spurious: ἔκ τ' ἔφανεν πᾶσαι σκοπιαὶ, καὶ πρώονες ἄκροι, καὶ νάπαι· οὐρανόθεν δ ̓ ἄρ ̓ ὑπεῤῥάγη άσπετος αἰθὴρ. On what authority does their spuriousness, actual or supposed, rest? There is no note on the subject in any Homer that I have at hand. As they are, perhaps, the two most beautiful lines in the description, it seems hard that Homer should be robbed of two lines out of a passage which contains only five. May I appeal to one of your learned classical readers if possible to clear up the difficulty? Valpy calls this "the most beautiful night-piece that can be found in poetry." In justice to other great poets, I should rather say, one of the most beautiful. Wordsworth calls Pope's well-known version of this passage, "though he had Homer to guide him, throughout false and contradictory" (Pocket Edition of Wordsworth,' 1858, vol. vi. p. 359). What does Wordsworth mean? Where are Pope's lines false or contradictory? JONATHAN BOUCHIER. COCKER'S 'DICTIONARY.'-Can, or will, rather, some contributor to N. & Q.' tell me the date of the first edition of Cocker's English Dictionary'? The "Second Edition, very much Enlarged and Altered, by John Hawkins," is dated 1715. It contains, by the way, a large number of words that are not in the 'New English Dictionary,' vol. i. I find no mention of Cocker's 'Dictionary' in Lowndes. HALKETT LORD. duction and adoption of linen, instead of the FOLK-LORE OF THE SEA.-Criériens are the phantoms of the shipwrecked, whom the inhabitants of the Isle of Sein, in Brittany, believe that they hear demanding burial through the dull sound preceding a storm. See J. Collin Plancy, 'Dictionnaire Infernal,' under "Criériens." Is this superstition to be met with along the English, B. L. R. C. Scotch, or Irish coasts? CRITICASTER.-This word is used by the REV. J. W. EBSWORTH (7th S. vi. 435). Is it not a word of recent introduction? Is it known who first used it? It is not in my edition of Webster. Annandale's 'Imperial Dictionary' has the word, but no quotation for its use is given. F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. Replies. MACARONI. (7th S. vii. 48.) See Wright's 'Caricature History of the Georges.' The word is derived from the Macaroni Club, a set of men who introduced Italian macaroni at Almack's. They were foppish and coxcombical in their habits, and the transference of the term from their peculiar dish to themselves may have been partly due to a reminiscence of the older macaron, an affected busybody. This, at least, appears to have been Nares's opinion, who quotes from Donne :- and Like a big wife, at sight of lothed meat, A macaroon, And no way fit to speak to clouted shoon. "This is nearly the same sense as persons of a certain age remember to have been given to the adopted word macaroni itself; namely, a first-rate coxcomb, or puppy; which has now another temporary appellation, dandy, corrupted or abbreviated, I presume, from Jack-adandy." WOOLLEN CLOTHES AND ELEPHANTIASIS.During all the long years since I first read Sir William Hooker's Journal of a Tour in Iceland' (2 vols. 8vo. 1813) I have been troubled in mind by the association of woollen clothes and elephantiasis in the relation of cause and effect. Is there any proper relation of one to the other; or is it necessary that dirty habits should accompany the use of woollen to render it dangerous to health? Our old friend 'N. & Q.' may bring forth a new chapter in practical hygeine in the solution of this question. In vol. i. p. 190 of the 'Journal' we are informed that elephantiasis is hereditary, but This was a well-known word at the date referred not infectious, and its prevalence in Iceland dates from the first colonization of the country from to, but rather in the sense of a droll than a fop, as Norway. Then it is added, "Its prevalence and is clear from Addison's description in the Spectator, virulence are probably in a great degree ascribable No. 47, Tuesday, April 24, 1711 :— to the use of woollen clothes, and to the mode of living and habits of the natives," &c. In a footnote we read: "The elephantiasis used to be equally prevalent in Great Britain, previous to the intro C. C. B. "In the first Place I must observe that there is a Set of merry Drolls whom the Common People of all Countries admire, and seem to love so well that they could eat them, according to the old Proverb: I mean those circumforaneous Wits whom every Nation calls by the Name of that Dish of Meat which it loves best. In Holland they are termed Pickled Herrings; in France Jean PotPuddings. These merry Wags, from whatsoever Food they receive their Titles, that they may make their Audiences laugh, always appear in a Fool's Coat, and commit such Blunders and Mistakes in every Step they take, and every Word they utter, as those who listen to them would be ashamed of."-From the first edition. tages; in Italy Maccaronies; and in Great Britain Jack At a still earlier date Donne had used the term makaron for the garrulous bore (such as Horace describes in Satire ix. book i.) :— sigh and sweat To hear this Makaron talk. Satire iv. 116, 117. 66 It is easy to see how this latter "has nearly the same sense," as Nares says, as persons of a certain age remember to have been given to the adopted word macaroni itself, namely, a first-rate coxcomb or puppy; which has now another temporary appellation, dandy, corrupted or abbreviated from Jacka-dandy." Nares's Glossary' was first issued in 1822, so that elderly people would remember the earlier years of George III.'s reign. Hall Stevenson published his 'Makarony Fables,' addressed to the Society of Macaronies, in 1768, or perhaps earlier; the second edition is dated 1768. See Chrysal also. W. E. BUCKLEY. In the Intended Epilogue to "She Stoops to Conquer," Mrs. Bulkley has to say : [C. C. B. refers to the quotation from Donne; MR. E. H. MARSHALL to Donne and the 'School for Scandal. MR. E. H. COLEMAN says that at the Savoir Vivre Club, in St. James's Street, in 1770, macaroni formed a principal dish. MR. R. W. HACKWOOD gives an account of the dress of the macaroni. G. L. G. quotes passages from the Rev. Peter Routh (1786), given in Burgon's 'Lives of Twelve Good Men,' i. 21, and from Boswell's 'Hebrides, p. 84, where are the words, "You are a delicate Londoner, you are a maccaroni! You can't ride." MR. J. W. ALLISON says the word occurs in the Oxford Magazine of June, 1770, and refers to the maca ronic verses of Theophilus Folengo, which opens out another subject. The Editor may state that he possesses two copies of the Macaroni Magazine, a scarce work, giving portraits and sketches of the military macaroni, the clerical macaroni, &c. A copy is in the British Museum. All were defective of certain plates. These have now been reproduced, and the copies are perfect with the exception of one plate. A few surplus plates are in the Editor's possession, and correspondents anxious to complete their volumes may communicate with him.] 'MACBETH,' 1673 (7th S. vii. 68).—The question asked by your correspondent MR. MORRIS I. JONAS is very important, and I am much obliged to him for drawing my attention to an oversight on my part in preparing the stage history of 'Macbeth' for vol. v. of the 'Henry Irving Shakespeare.' I confess I had overlooked the passage in Dr. Furness's preface to which MR. JONAS refers; but on reading that passage I am sorry to see that by some unfortunate chance Dr. Furness has not collated the 1673 quarto with the First Folio and with Davenant's version as printed in 1674. But the points that he notices are quite sufficient, coming as they do from such an accurate editor, to show that the 1673 quarto could not be identical with the 1674 quarto, from which Davenant's Macbeth' is printed in his collected works, ed. 1874. On turning to the somewhat elaborate and very interesting preface to Macbeth' in that edition I find the following entry : ་ "Macbeth, a Tragedy; with all the Alterations, Amendments. Additions, and New Songs, as it is now acted at the Theatre Royal. London, printed for Hen. Herringham, and are to be sold by Jos. Knight and Fra. Saunders at the Blue Anchor, in the Lower Walk of the New Exchange. 1673. 4to." Halliwell, in his 'Dictionary of Old Plays,' has, "Macbeth. A tragedy, with all the alterations, Acted at amendments, additions, and new songs. the Duke's Theatre. 4to. 1674, 1687, 1695, 1710"; and the ‘Biographia Dramatica' gives the same title. In the preface to Davenant's 'Macbeth,' already alluded to above, no mention is made of this 1673 quarto, nor does the editor attempt to decide the question whether the play which Pepys saw on November 5, 1664, was or was not Davenant's 'Macbeth.' I have discussed this question Henry Irving Shakespeare'; and though I confess in the introduction to 'Macbeth' in vol. v. of the I was at first inclined to believe that Pepys had seen Shakespeare's 'Macbeth,' with no other additions than the songs and dances indicated in the stage directions to the First Folio, I came to the decision, on further consideration, that his general description of the piece makes one conclude that the additions and alterations must have been considerable. Pepys's dramatic predilections do not seem to have been for the highest class of drama; but even he would surely have noticed such a violent and complete transformation of Shakespeare's play as that which we find in Davenant's version of 1674. If in 1664 he had seen Shakespeare's 'Macbeth,' even allowing for the fact that he was preoccupied in picking up pieces of court scandal and leering at the pretty women, he could not have failed to notice such ghastly mutilations of the text, or such vulgar interpolations of utterly incongruous matter as are to be found in Davenant's version. Referring to a MS. list of old plays which be longed to Mr. Collier, the title of which is as and Earth: a Mystery.' The remaining articles in follows, "List of all the Old Plays, from the Earliest vol. i. that are of any importance are as follows:Period up to the Year 1700, in the Library at the 'The Spirit of Monarchy'; The Dogs,' a poem British Museum, taken from the General Catalogue, addressed to the abusers of this journal, of which and afterwards examined with Mr. Capel's Catalogue it appeared to have many; and 'A Tale of the of Mr. Garrick's Collection, by Brownlow Waight, Passions.' Vol. ii. opens with a literary eclogue, 1823," I find mention of no other quarto of 'The Blues,' and is followed by 'My First Ac'Macbeth' than that of 1674. I am just leaving quaintance with the Poets'; 'Shakespear's Fools'; town, or I should make it my business to find a The Book of Beginnings'; and 'Apuleius,' which copy of the 1673 quarto and collate it with Dave-is considered by one reviewer the best article that nant and the First Folio, but I confess I do not had appeared in the journal, and describes it as a know where to find one. It is not clear whether clever article, shining where it is like a diamond the Cambridge editors ever saw a copy of this 1673 among dirt. 'Pulpit Oratory'; 'Chalmers and quarto, and unfortunately Dr. Furness gives us Irving'; and 'Chaucer's Squire's Tale Modernized,' no clue whereby we can trace that which he canto i., are the remaining articles of importance. examined. I would suggest as an explanation of There is also at the end of the volume a number of the discrepant statements as to this quarto that short poems. The last-named articles are supposed some copies of Davenant's 1674 quarto may have to be by the editors, Lord Byron and Mr. Leigh been printed in 1673, and that the quarto which Hunt. Dr. Furness saw was really a reprint of the old theatre copy as used before the Restoration. It is possible that when the play was first reproduced under Davenant's management the actors spoke passages inserted by the manager, but not to be found in the printed text. F. A. MARSHALL. SIR MICHAEL LIVESAY (7th S. vi. 408; vii. 12).— Sir Michael Livesay was the son of Gabriel Livesay (born 1566), and grandson of Robert Livesay, of Streatham, High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex, by his first wife. Sir Michael married, and left a daughter Anne, who died s.p., having married Sir Robert Sprignell, Bart., of Yorkshire. I have no note of who Sir Michael's wife was; but is it not in Burke's 'Extinct Baronetage'? Robert Livesay left a daughter by his second wife (who was the widow of Hobbes, and mother of Thomas Hobbes), who married Sir Edward Peyton, of Isleham, a zealous Parliamentarian. Their daughter Amy married Henry Lawrence, of St. Ives, afterwards President of Cromwell's Council. B. FLORENCE SCARLETT. 'THE LIBERAL': LEIGH HUNT (7th S. vi. 509). -The first number of this short-lived periodical was issued in the year 1822. It had for its principal contributors Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, and Shelley. The first volume opens with a lengthy preface describing the object of the Liberal, and is followed by a poem in 106 eight-line stanzas, called The Vision of Judgment,' by Quevedo Redivivus, alias Lord Byron. The next is a letter addressed to the "Editor of my Grandmother's Review," also by Lord Byron. The Florentine Lovers' follows, by Leigh Hunt; Rhyme and Reason'; then comes a short essay entitled 'German Apologue'; A May-Day Dream,' supposed to be a translation by Shelley of the May-day night scene in the tragedy of 'Faust.' Ariosto's Episode of Cloridan, Medoro, and Angelica,' comes next by Leigh Hunt. Lord Byron follows with a drama entitled "Heaven เ The press greatly condemned this periodical, as will be seen from the following extract from the Literary Gazette, this being a portion of the review of the Liberal: "We have now fully exhibited and discussed the periodical, and find, on casting up the account, that Lord Byron has contributed Impiety, vulgarity, inhumanity, and Heartlessness, Mr. Shelley a Burlesque upon Goethe, and Mr. Leigh Hunt conceit, trumpery, The union of wickedignorance, and wretched verses. ness, folly, and imbecility is perfect, and as they congratulated the Devil, so do we congratulate the authors of the Liberal." GEORGE BETHEll, Jun. Reference Library, Manchester, Having a copy of this work, with the original covers bound in, it may be well to transcribe the title, which is: "The Liberal. Verse and Prose from the South. To be continued occasionally. N°1. London, 1822: Printed by and for John Hunt, 22, Old Bond Street. Price Five Shillings.' The There were four numbers, making two volumes, Of this Byron writes to Murray (letter 455), "The Blues' is a mere buffoonery, never meant for publication"; on which Moore notes "that it is altogether unworthy of his pen, but appeared afterwards in the Liberal." Lastly, he sent the 'Translation of the First Canto of Pulci's "Morgante Maggiore," in No. 4, of which Byron himself had a very high | opinion, but of which Moore notes ('Life,' v. 119) "that it appeared in the Liberal, and though thus rescued from the fate of being unpublished, must for ever, I fear, submit to the doom of being unread." In No. 3 'My First Acquaintance with Poets,' pp. 23-46, is signed "W. H." (William Hazlitt). I do not know the authors of the remaining pieces, but presume that most of them are by Leigh Hunt himself. There are two with fictitious names-" Carluccio" and "Carlone." W. E. BUCKLEY. [DNARGEL says information concerning the Liberal is given in Byron,' by John Nichol ("English Men of Letters Series"), p. 162.] HERALDRY: DESCENT OF ARMORIAL BEARINGS (7th S. vi. 427, 496).-MR. EATON asks for an answer to his two questions on the above subject from some one qualified to answer them. That I cannot pretend to be; but if MR. EATON will be content, in the absence of any higher authority, with the somewhat off-hand opinion of a sincere lover and student of heraldry, I will do my best to answer them. 1. In the first case put, MR. EATON says he is not the lineal descendant of his ancestor to whom was originally granted a certain coat of arms, nor is he a lineal descendant of his more immediate ancestor, the founder of another branch of the original stock. In neither of these cases, therefore, can I see that MR. EATON has any right whatever to bear the original arms. The descent of armorial bearings in their original state follows much the same rules that control the descent of landed property that is unentailed. The person who stands in the position of the heir-at-law would be the only one entitled to bear the original arms pure and simple. All others-and they, too, must be lineal descendants from the common ancestor-ought, according to heraldic usage, to difference the arms they bear, either by the recognized marks of cadency or by some variation of the original bearings. If by not being a lineal descendant of his ancestor MR. EATON means only that he is descended through a female from the common stock, he would have no right to bear any trace of his common ancestor's armorial bearings unless such female (herself lineally descended from the common ancestor) had been an heiress or coheiress; that is, in an heraldic sense, one who had been without brothers. In that case her issue would be entitled to quarter her own paternal arms, and so it would be handed down to her lineal posterity, subject to the modifications I have men tioned above. If, however, she were not such an heiress or coheiress, her husband would simply impale her arms with his own, and her issue would not be entitled to bear in their paternal arms any trace of their mother's; which latter would simply cease to exist and be extinct so far as that line of descent from the common ancestor was concerned. In both these cases I assume that the husband would himself be entitled to bear arms, either by inheritance or by grant, because an ignobilis, having no coat of his own, can neither bear on a shield of pretence nor impale any arms to which his wife might be entitled in her own right. MR. EATON will see, therefore, that armorial bearings can only be inherited by the lineal descendants of an ancestor himself entitled to bear them. 2. With regard to MR. EATON's second question, I should have thought that when once a right had accrued to a lineal descendant to bear certain arms (although collateral to the main branch or head of the family) no change that such head of a family chose to adopt in his arms would have any effect on those inherited by a cadet. Branches collateral to each other (e.g., second or third cousins), but each lineally descended from a common ancestor bearing arms, would bear the same; the elder branch, or head of the family, the ordinary coat, whilst the younger branches would bear them differenced by the proper marks of cadency or variation, and no more. Such a change of arms, however, as that suggested by your correspondent is, I should think, very seldom to be met with, and would, as I have said, have no effect upon any but his own individual case and that of his own particular descendants. J. S. UDAL. Inner Temple. Mauzur in 1250. "His good will was rewarded Hornsea Vicarage, E. Yorks. ST. PETER'S, CORNHILL (7th S. vi. 488).-The desired information will probably be found in the under-named volumes of Robert Wilkinson's MSS. at the Guildhall Library, London : Collections towards a History of the Parish and Parish Church of St. Peter upon Cornhill, London; consisting of Extracts from the Chantry Book of the Guild of St. Peter, Wills of Parishioners and Benefactors from 1375 to 1427, Extracts from the Parish Books and Ward Books of Cornhill Ward, Faculties, Leases, and other Documents and Evidences, 2 vols. 4to. Collections relating to the History and Antiquities of the Church and Parish of St. Peter's, Cornhill, London, DANIEL HIPWELL. 4 vols. fol. 34, Myddelton Square, Clerkenwell. VISITATIONS OF THE DIOCESE OF NORWICH (7th S. vi. 399). Is not Bishop "Thomas Jane" a misprint for Thomas Jann, who held the see from 1449 to 1451 ? F. R. S. E. JOHN DUNS SCOTUS (7th S. vi. 425).-The inscription which L. L. K. quotes was placed behind the altar in the Minorite Church at Cologne in 1509, when certain bones, supposed or pretended to be those of Duns, were transferred thither from a tomb in the middle of the choir. In 1513 an elaborate monument was erected on To have set be shown aliunde that this epitaph actually was placed on the tomb shortly after Duns's death, we are not entitled to say positively that it was. Besides this we have the evidence, for what it is worth, of Tritheim, 'De Script. Eccles.' (Basel, 1494), fol. 76, who writes : "Claruit sub Alberto Imperatore anno domini millesimo ccc. Johannes Duns, natione Scotus, ordinis fratrum minorum; Alexandri Alensis Anglici quondam Parisius auditor, vir in divinis scripturis studiosus et eruditus, et in philosophia Aristotelica doctissimus; et adeo profundus ut eius scripta paucis sint penetrabilia, et ob id quoque minus usitata. Edidit quædam instructa volumina, quibus nomen suum ad noticiam posteritatis transmisit." Then follows a list of Duns's writings. He then concludes: "Moritur temporibus Alberti Imperatoris anno domini millesimo ccc.viii. Indictione sexta, Coloniæ apud minores sepultus." To much the same effect he writes in the 'Chronicon Hirsaugiense' (ed. 1690), ii. 117:— a but who "Anno prænotato sexto iduum Novembris obiit in Colonia Joannes Duns, cognomento Scotus, Ordinis Minorum, Alexandri de Hales ejusdem Ordinis quondam auditor atque discipulus, Doctor magnus atque subtilis, et in choro fratrum minorum memorati Conventus Coloniensis ante sacristiam cum honore sepultus est." The passage quoted by Ennen from the 'Kalendarium' of the Minorite Church seems to me to be of a later date. The latinity is better. Moreover, when Tritheim wrote Duns was comparatively little-known writer, whence he is described as the author of works "paucis penetrabilia, et ob id quoque minus usitata,' nevertheless "nomen suum ad noticiam posteritatis the same spot, and inscribed with a great deal transmisit." The writer of the passage from the 'Kalendarium' obviously had the passage in more of very bad Latin in honour of the great school-Tritheim before him, and thought it desirable, in man, which time has now in whole or in part view of Duns's increasing repute, to emphasize effaced. The inscriptions may be read, and what it contained of praise, tone down the rethe foregoing statements verified, in Wadding's proach of obscurity, and add a little magnilolife of Duns, chaps. xi. and xiii. the epitaphs out in full in the 'Dictionary' would quence to the style. Accordingly he describes Duns as "magistrum profundissimum qui nomen have been a wanton waste of valuable space. suum posteris eruditissimis scriptis suis (licet The brief one which I did quote will be found paucis penetralibus) consecravit." Crombach and in Wadding (Ib., chap. ii), and is certified by Dr. Hartzheim are still later writers: the one lived beKarl Baedeker, Rheinlande' (1881), p. 353, as tween 1598 and 1680, the other between 1694 and being still legible. The substantial question, however, is, What evidence have we that the 1763. I submit, then, that we have as yet no contembones transferred from the middle of the choir porary or nearly contemporary evidence that Duns was ever buried in the Minorite Church at Cologne; to the place behind the altar in 1509 were really and that, therefore, L. L. K. has failed to subthose of Duns? Wadding says that he was ori- stantiate against me his charge of scepticism or ginally buried near the sacristy, and that thence Pyrrhonism in limiting myself to the statement his bones were transferred to the middle of the choir that he was supposed to have been buried there. at some uncertain date-probably during the pontificate of Sixtus IV. (1471-84), and quotes an epitaph which, he says, was placed on the tomb near the sacristy shortly after the death of Duns; but he does not say that it was there in his day, but only that it was to be found in a MS. in the library of the monastery. Unless, therefore, it can | 9, New Square, Lincoln's Inn. J. M. RIGG. PROGRAMME (7th S. vi. 446; vii. 32).-In Ogilvie's 'Imperial Dictionary' (ed. 1850) this word is variously spelt programma, program, proROBERT F. GARDINER. gramme. |