avis (§ 143); cf. 6, 165; Cic. Fam. VII, 28, 2 avem albam; Anth. Pal ΧΙ, 436 λευκοὺς κόρακας.

203. sterilisque cathedrae: Mart. 1, 76, 14 steriles cathedras.

204. Lysimachi: rhetoris apud Athenas qui suspendio perit (schol.). Secundi: Juvenal supplements Dio's statement (LIX, 20, 6) that Carrinas was banished by Caligula for treason.

206. gelidas... cicutas: the deadly draught which Socrates also was compelled to drink; cf. 13, 186. On the use of the adjective, see § 58.

207. tenuem... terram: sc. date; this is a variation of the common formula of epitaphs sit tibi terra levis; cf. Prop. 1, 17, 24 ut mihi non ullo pondere terra foret.1

2

208. spirantisque crocos: the decoration of graves and funeral urns with flowers was usual; cf. e.g. Prop. 1, 17, 22 tenera poneret ossa rosa and the epitaph et cingant suaves ossa sepulta rosae. Spirantis lacks the usual accusative, as in Stat. Silv. 1, 3, 211 semper odoratis spirabunt floribus arae; cf. l. 111 and 2, 41. On the cadence, see p. lxix.

210. metuens virgae: see § 88. The education of Achilles by Chiron the Centaur on Mount Pelion was a common subject in literature and art; cf. Hor. Epod. 13, 11 nobilis ut grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno and Stat. Ach. I.

211. că: see note on 3, 49. tunc in contrast with the present. 213. Rufum: Gallus fuit et valde disertus (schol.); see note on 1. 148.

215-243. The schoolmaster also is underpaid, and in order to get any remuneration for his labor, has to share his fees with others. Yet he is expected not only to have all knowledge at his fingers' ends, but also to mould the characters of his pupils. In return, he receives at the end of the year a mere pittance.

215. gremio: see note on 1, 88. Q. Remmius Palaemon, probably the teacher of Persius and Quintilian, was one of the most able and original grammarians of the first century. His ars grammatica (6, 452), probably the first Roman school grammar, was the chief source of Quintilian's first book and served as a model for such treatises for centuries.* Celadus is unknown.

218. acoenonoetus: ȧKoLvovoηтos 'communi carens sensu' (schol.), i.e without the fellow-feeling that unites mankind; cf. 8, 73 and see § 46, a. The word of six syllables as a verse-ending is extremely rare (§ 153 end), but need not be changed to acoenonetus, 'sharing with nobody.'

1 See W. Hartke,' Sit Tibi Terra Levis' formulae quae fuerint fata, Diss. Bonn, 1901. 2 See Rothstein's note. 9 C.I.L. VI, 20466.

4 Suet. Gram. 23; vit. Pers. ; schol. Iuv. 6, 452.

219. qui dispensat: i.e. dispensator; see note on 1, 91.

221. cadurci: the Cadurci, an Aquitanian people, were noted as the makers of bed coverings; cf. 6, 537 and Plin. N. H. xix, 13 in culcitis praecipuam gloriam Cadurci obtinent.1

222. dummodo non: see $ 110.

pereat: see note on 1, 18. mediae... noctis: 14, 190 media de nocte; an exaggeration, though the Roman school began before daylight. Cf. 1. 225; Ovid, Am. 1, 13, 13; Mart. Ix, 68, 3 nondum cristati rupere silentia galli (school begun). 224. ferro: i.e. the carding comb; see § 129, c.

226. stabant pueri: contrast sedisti in 1. 223.

227. Flaccus... Maroni: by this time Horace and Vergil were text books for every Roman schoolboy; see § 26. Friedl. thinks of busts of the poets as ornaments of the room, but cf. schol. codex Horatii et Vergilii, in quibus legebant. fuligo: from the lamps.

228. cognitione tribuni: the judicial functions of the tribune in such cases are not clearly defined."

230. regula verborum: i.e. the rules of grammar; cf. 6, 453 ff. and Quintil. 1, 2, 14 (grammaticus) si de loquendi ratione disserat, si quaestiones explicet, historias exponat, poemata enarret.

231. historias: 6, 450; Sen. Ep. 88, 3 grammaticus circa curam sermonis versatur, et, si latius evagari vult, circa historias.

232. ungues digitosque : for a similar proverb, see note on 1, 7 and § 143. 233. Phoebi balnea: not elsewhere mentioned.

234. nutricem Anchisae: some of the unanswerable questions put to schoolmasters by the emperor Tiberius were quae mater Hecubae, quod Achilli nomen inter virgines fuisset, quid Sirenes cantare sint solitae (Suet. 70). Quintilian, however, said that it was a virtue for a schoolmaster aliqua nescire (1, 8, 21).

235. Anchemoli: Verg. Aen. x, 389.

Acestes: the host of Aeneas in

Sicily; cf. Verg. Aen. v, 73 aevi maturus Acestes.

annis: see § 92.

236. vini: Verg. Aen. 1, 195 vina bonus...cadis onerarat Acestes. 237. pollice ducat: of modelling in wax; Pers. 5, 40 tuo ducit sub pollice vultum; Ovid, Met. x, 285 tractataque pollice (cera).

240. vicibus: Stat. Silv. IV, 9, 50 tu me vicibus domi salutes. This rare equivalent for in vicem (cf. 6, 311) may be a short form of vicibus factis (Ovid, Fast. IV, 353) or mutatis.

242. inquit: see note on 3, 153.

243. victori: not the victor in the races, who often received an im

1 O. Hirschfeld, C.I.L. XIII, p. 206.

2 Greenidge, Roman Public Life, London, 1901, pp. 371 and 448, following Mommsen, sees here evidence for the survival of the old veto on appeal in civil cases.

mense sum (note on 1. 114). The scholiast interprets ut in theatro solent petere, quinque aureos, nam non licebat amplius dare, but this leaves the force of victor unexplained.

SATIRE VIII

THE VANITY OF NOBLE BIRTH

The eighth satire, though marked by fine passages, cannot be called one of Juvenal's best efforts. The thesis that noble birth is worthless, unless adorned by noble character, is worked out from various points of view with a wealth of illustration and excess of rhetorical commonplace. In a series of examples, drawn chiefly from Roman history, the writer sets the vices and crimes of aristocrats over against the virtues and great achievements of plebeians. This picture, of course, like many of Juvenal's pictures, is one-sided; the satirist selected material to suit his purpose. Both parallel and contrast are furnished by the fourth satire of Persius, which is worked out from the Stoic point of view.

Here again Juvenal's characteristic lack of sense for proportion is evident (§ 36). From an exhortation to a provincial governor to show his real nobility by a just and honest administration, the author is led into a long digression (11. 94–126) on provincial misgovernment, which certainly has no direct connection with the main thesis (§ 141). A really good appreciation of the public services of Cicero, Marius, and others concludes the satire.

1. stemmata: 'pedigrees.' The imagines, arranged against the walls of the atrium, were connected by painted lines to show the family tree. quid faciunt: what is the good of-?' Petron. 14 quid faciant leges, ubi sola pecunia regnat ? Pontice: unknown; see § 24.

guine: cf. 1. 40 alto stemmate.

2. censeri: cf. 1. 74.

longo san

pictos... vultus: i.e. imagines, the wax

Aemilianos: like Curios

masks of ancestors, found in every noble house. 3. stantis in curribus: see note on 7, 125. and other names following, typical of noble ancestors; cf. 2, 3, 153 f. Names in -anus indicated adoption in republican times; e.g. the son of L. Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Perseus, adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio, was called P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. But this custom died out under the empire. See § 24, 50.

4. dimidios: of the ravages of time, as in 15, 5; cf. 13, 95 (note); 15, 56 f. vultus dimidios (in a fight). umeros: cf. 1. 16 lumbum; the accusative of the part affected is poetic and rare in Latin. See G.-L. § 338, 1.

5. Corvinum: see note on 1, 108.

Galbam: the emperor Galba claimed for the gens Sulpicia descent from Jupiter and Pasiphae (Suet. 2).

auriculis: see § 41, I, e.

7. virga: a branch of the stemma, like ramus in Pers. 3, 28; see note on 1. 1 and § 49, b. contingere: cf. 11, 62.

8. fumosos: Sen. Ep. 44, 5 atrium plenum fumosis imaginibus. The smoke from the hearth-fire did its work on the wax masks.

9. Lepidis: cf. 6, 265 and see note on 1. 3; Val. Max. 11, 9 init. quid enim prodest foris esse strenuum, si domi male vivitur?

quo: 'to what purpose' (often with mihi or tibi), in excited questions with a kind of exclamatory accusative, infinitive, or accusative with infinitive; cf. Il. 142, 144; 14, 135; 15, 61; see § 138, b. On the cadence, see p. lxix. 10. alea see note on 1, 88. pernox: see § 55 and cf. Sen. Med.

787 ff. currus...pernox agitat (Trivia).

11. Numantinos: see note on 1. 3. This title was given to Scipio Aemilianus for his conquest of Numantia (133 B.C.).

13. Allobrogicis: a title of Q. Fabius Maximus, consul in 151 B.C., the conqueror of the Allobroges; see note on 1. 38. magna... ara: the ancient ara maxima Herculis in the forum Boarium, either founded by Hercules himself or dedicated to him by Evander.' The gens Fabia claimed descent from Hercules.

14. Herculeo: cf. Ovid, Fast. 11, 237 ff. Herculeae...gentis... Fabia gente; Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie, p. 62, 28 (Shuckburgh) ‘though you be libertino patre natus, you shall suddenly grow Herculea proles.' i.e. domo; see note on 3, 110. On the cadence, see § 153, vI.

lare:

15. Euganea: the Euganei dwelt near the Alps, north of Patavium. mollior agna in Mart. v, 37, 2 of a girl; see note on 1, 22.

16. Catinensi: pumice-stone, used to remove superfluous hair, usually came from Catina in Sicily.' lumbum: see note on 1. 4 umeros.

17. squalentes: see note on 4, 103 barbato.

7, 16.

emptorque veneni: cf. 9, 100; 13, 154.

traducit: see note on

18. frangenda... imagine: the likeness of a criminal would not be allowed to appear among the imagines (note on 1. 2); cf. Suet. Ner. 37 obiectum est...Cassio Longino...quod in vetere gentili stemmate C. Cassi percussoris Caesaris imagines retinuisset. See § 119.

20. virtus: the subject; cf. Bacchyl. 1, 159 f. paμì kai páow μÉYLOTOV Kûdos exeιv åpeтáv. Duff cites Tennyson 'tis only noble to be good." 21. Paulus, Cossus, Drusus: see notes on 11. 3 and 40; 3, 184 and 238.

1 Ovid, Fast. 1, 581; Plin. N. H. xxxiv, 33; Tac. Ann. xv, 41.

2 See A. Sonny, A.L.L. vIII, p. 486.

3 See Blakeney, Class. Rev., XII, 1898, p. 209.

22. hos: sc. mores; in the same way illi in the next verse.

23. virgas: i.e. fasces, as in l. 136.

24. animi bona: 'good character'; cf. Cic. Tusc. v, 85 tria genera bonorum, maxuma animi, secunda corporis, externa tertia.

25. iustitiae see § 88. On question for protasis, see G.-L. § 593, 4.

26. procerem: very rare in singular.'

27. Silanus of the ancient gens lunia.

Gaetulice see note on 1. 3.

28. civis on the order of words, see § 124, a.

quocumque: see § 63.2

29. Osiri: populus Aegypti invento Osiri dicit evρýкаμev σvyxalpoμev (schol.); cf. 6, 534 plangentis populi.

30. quis...dixerit: cf. 2, 24 quis tulerit, and see G.-L. § 466.

32. insignis: see § 138, a.

Atlanta: see note on 13, 48.

33. extortam: to be taken in the sense of distortam.

38. metues: see § 139.

Creticus: 2, 67; a cognomen of several of the Caecilii Metelli, who could boast also a Macedonicus, a Dalmaticus, a Balearicus, and a Numidicus; see note on 1. 3.

see note on 7, 90.

Camerinus:

40. Blande: a type of the degenerate noble. He cannot be identified, though several of the family are known. In 33 A.D. one C. Rubellius Blandus married Iulia, daughter of Drusus, and granddaughter of Tiberius; hence Drusorum, Iuli (1. 42),3 and plenumque Nerone (1. 72). stemmate: see note on 1. 1, end.

42. Iuli Verg. Aen. 1, 288 Iulius a magno demissum nomen Iulo. 43. sub aggere texit: see note on 5, 153. For a similar picturesque touch, cf. Shakesp. Twelfth Night, II, 4, 45 The spinsters and the knitters in the sun.'

44. volgi pars ultima: Luc. VI, 593 f. non ultima turbae pars ego Romanae; see note on 1, 26.

46. ast see note on 3, 69.

Cecropides: see note on 1, 100. Cecrops vivas: cf. Hor.

was the reputed founder of Athenian monarchy. Sat. II. 5, 110 vive valeque (common formula of leave-taking), and the similar use of xaípev in dismissing a subject, e.g. Herodot. II, 118 "Ομηρος μέν νυν καὶ τὰ Κύπρια ἔπεα χαιρέτω, ‘so much for Homer, etc. 47. longa of time, as in 6, 561; see note on 7, 41.

48. solet hic defendere: i.e. as causidicus; see note on 7, 106 f. 49. nobilis indocti: see § 54.

togata: see note on 1, 96.

50. qui... solvat: the iurisconsultus; see note on 7, 123.

1 Neue, 1. 1. 13, p. 662.

2 H. Richards, Class. Rev., XIII, 1899, pp. 19 f. would read alto de sanguine rarus. 3 See Pros. Imp. Rom., III, p. 136.

4 See commentators on Pind. Pyth. 2, 67; W. v. Christ, 1. 1. pp. 126 f.