168. minor: too small for the host or the guests of the first rank; see $57, e. altilis: see note on 1. 115.

169. stricto 'ready for action' (Duff). The word is naturally used of a sword; see § 127 and note on I, 165. tacetis: the text is uncertain; iacetis (P) may be correct.1

171. vertice raso: a regular character in the mimus was the stupidus with shaven head; cf. Arnob. vII, 33 stupidorum capitibus rasis. His part consisted chiefly in being cuffed and knocked about for the amusement of the spectators; cf. 8, 192 alapas and 8, 197 stupidi...Corinthi. This is the fate to which Trebius' servility will lead him.

172. quandoque: this indefinite use occurs as early as Cicero (Fam. vi, 19, 2), but is more common later; see § 66.

173. flagra: the instrument for punishing slaves suggests the slave's condition and character; cf. 10, 109.

SATIRE VII

THE DISCOURAGEMENTS OF LITERARY MEN

Judged by common literary standards, this satire is lacking in harmonious structure and due proportion, but these faults are not unusual in Juvenal (§ 36). Friedl. argues that the body of the poem (11. 36-243), which deals with the inadequate return for intellectual effort—five different professions are taken as types-was composed in the reign of Trajan, but that the introduction (11. 1-21), which points to better prospects for poets through the emperor's favor, was written after the accession of Hadrian (117 A.D.), and badly joined to the earlier piece by 11. 22-35. Granting, as we must, that the Caesar of lines 1-21 is Hadrian, who favored the pursuit of literature (§ 10), we are not on that account obliged to assume an earlier date for the composition of the rest. It seems more likely that early in Hadrian's reign Juvenal wrote this satire, expressing his hope based on the imperial favor, but describing conditions as they were and had been.'

1-35. No longer need poets give up literary pursuits, and eke out a livelihood in baser occupations; an indulgent emperor is ready to be their patron. Let them not expect support from any other source; for the rich bestow nothing but praise, leaving the poet to meet old age in poverty and discouragement.

1 R. Beer, Spicil. Iuv., p. 67.

2 See A. Gercke, Gött. gel. Anz., 1896, p. 984.

stuCaesare: the emperor

1. spes et ratio: 'prospects and motive.' On ratio, see § 157. diorum of literary composition; cf. l. 17.

Hadrian; see § 10 and cf. Dryden, x1, 28 (Epist. 6) The Muses' empire is restored again, In Charles his reign,' and Boswell's praise of George the Third.'

2. Camenas: identified with the Muses; see note on 3, 16.

3. respexit: frequently used of the provident care of the gods, e.g. Cic. Att. 1, 16, 6 nisi quis nos deus respexerit. Cf. the double use of English 'regard,' which translates respexit in Vulg. Luc. 1, 48.

bres notique: see § 139.

4. balneolum: see § 41, I, b.

6. praecones: see note on 3, 33.

Gabiis see note on 3, 192.

cele

Aganippes: a fountain dedicated

to the Muses at the foot of Mount Helicon.

Clio: so Terpsichore

=

7. esuriens: see § 45. atria: sc. auctionaria. An inscription from the vicinity of Superaequum, N. E. of Rome, in Paelignian territory, mentions an atrium auctionarium; a number of such places must have existed in Rome.2 Musa in 1. 35. See § 122. 8. Pieria...umbra: note the similar position of the words in Mart. ix, 84, 3 haec ego Pieria ludebam tutus in umbra; id. II, 44, 9 et quadrans mihi nullus est in arca. Umbra, as in 1. 105, points to the peaceful seclusion which is necessary to the man of letters, and in 1. 173 to the quiet life of the school in contrast with the activity of the law courts.

9. ames: 'you must put up with'; cf. the similar use of ảyaπâv. Machaerae: a praeco, as the context shows; see § 24 and note on 3, 33. 10. commissa... auctio: the contest of the auction'; see § 127 and cf. 1, 163 and 5, 29.

་

11. stantibus: i.e. circumstantibus, as in Ovid, Met. XIII, 1 vulgi stante corona, though corona suggests the force of the prefix; see § 44.

12. Alcithoen: according to Ovid, Met. iv, 1 ff., Alcithoe and her sisters neglected the rites of Bacchus and were turned into bats. With these tragedies of otherwise unknown poets, cf. those mentioned in 1, 4 ff. Doubtless these subjects were common in Latin as in Greek; in 6, 644 a tragedy of Tereus is mentioned.

13. sub iudice: i.e. in court as a witness; cf. 16, 30. 14. faciant: on the mood, see § 113, a. time any one who possessed the 400,000 sesterces be recognized as eques Romanus (note on 3, 154).

1 Boswell's Johnson, Macmillan, 1900, I, p. 270.

equites Asiani: at this required by law might Asiani refers only to

2 C. I. L. IX, 3307; cf. ib. XIV, 1941 and Suppl. It. 652; Cic. Agr. 1, 7; id. Quinct. 12; Liv. XXXIX, 44, 7.

3 J. Jessen, Philologus, LIX, 1900, p. 515, thinking of an auction in the open air, interprets stantibus' denen, die stehen bleiben'; see note on 3, 237.

the Roman province of Asia, which did not include Cappadocia, Bithynia, or Galatia cf. Cic. Deiot. 37 in Asia, Cappadocia, Ponto, Cilicia, Syria bella gesserunt; Bell. Alex. 78, 1 per Gallograeciam Bithyniamque in Asiam iter facit. On Juvenal's hatred of foreigners, see § 19. 15. quamquam: for the position, cf. 6, 199. Cappadoces: the most despised of Orientals, notorious for laziness, cowardice, and other ill qualities.1 Bithyni: elsewhere Bithyni, e.g. 10, 162; 15, 1; see § 157. The text is probably corrupt.2

16. altera... Gallia: i.e. Galatia or Gallograecia, so called from Gallic tribes which settled in Asia in 278 B.C.3 nudo... talo: see note on 1, 111. traducit: exposes to ridicule,' as in 2, 159; 8, 17; 11, 31, though some interpret literally 'sends across the sea.' See § 142.

6

19. laurumque momordit: the laurel, being sacred to Apollo, was a source of prophetic and poetic inspiration; cf. Tibull. 11, 5, 63 f. sacras innoxia laurus vescar (words of the Sibyl).

20. hoc agite: Sen. Ben. III, 36, 2 hoc agite, optimi iuvenes; see note on 5, 157.

21. sibi: see § 157.

ducis indulgentia: see note on 4, 145; cf. Stat. Silv. v, 2, 125 ergo age, nam magno ducis indulgentia pulsat.

22. spectanda: i.e. exspectanda; for this colloquial use, cf. Ennodius, p. 479, 17 (Hartel) esset plectenda neglegentia et spectaret de illis poenam iudicibus and see § 44.

23. croceae membrana tabellae: probably small note-books of parchment, such as were used for original drafts or memoranda; in Mart. XIV, 7, pugillares membranei. Tabella is the page, as cera in the wax tablet; see notes on 1, 5, 63. The regular form of a published book was still the roll (volumen), though Martial mentions a Homer, a Vergil, and other authors in membranis."

25. Veneris... marito: i.e. Vulcano; cf. 10, 112 and see § 142. Catullus expresses the same idea in 36, 7 scripta tardipedi deo daturam. 26. pertunde: i.e. sine pertundi, a permissive use of the word.

27. frange... calamum: Mart. IX, 73, 9 frange leves calamos et scinde,

1 For a picture of the land and people, see Gildersleeve, Essays and Studies, pp. 355 f.; on the name as a proverb, A. Sonny, A.L.L. vш, pp. 485 f.

2 The emendation preferred by Buecheler, faciantque equites Bithyni, which makes the verse spondaic, was advocated by Polstorff in 1896. If we should also insert et after Bithyni (Weise, 1. 1. p. 70), the text would be free from objection. S. G. Owen, ed. 1902, suggests Cappadoces, faciant Bithyni equitesque.

3 P, supported by the lemma of the scholiast, read gallica, which Buecheler and Owen retain. This, however, leaves altera without point, though in emphatic position. 4 See K. Dziatzko, Untersuchungen über ausgewählte Kapitel des antiken Buchwesens, Leipzig, 1900, pp. 131 f. 5 Mart. XIV, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192,; I, 2.

stuCaesare: the emperor

1. spes et ratio: 'prospects and motive.' On ratio, see § 157. diorum of literary composition; cf. 1. 17.

Hadrian; see § 10 and cf. Dryden, x1, 28 (Epist. 6) The Muses' empire is restored again, In Charles his reign,' and Boswell's praise of George the Third.1

2. Camenas: identified with the Muses; see note on 3, 16.

3. respexit: frequently used of the provident care of the gods, e.g. Cic. Att. 1, 16, 6 nisi quis nos deus respexerit. Cf. the double use of English 'regard,' which translates respexit in Vulg. Luc. 1, 48.

bres notique: see § 139.

4. balneolum : see § 41, 1, b.

Gabiis see note on 3, 192.

cele

Aganippes: a fountain dedicated

6. praecones: see note on 3, 33. to the Muses at the foot of Mount Helicon. 7. esuriens: see § 45. atria: sc. auctionaria. An inscription from the vicinity of Superaequum, N. E. of Rome, in Paelignian territory, mentions an atrium auctionarium; a number of such places must have existed in Rome.2 Clio so Terpsichore = Musa in 1. 35. See § 122.

8. Pieria...umbra: note the similar position of the words in Mart. IX, 84, 3 haec ego Pieria ludebam tutus in umbra; id. 11, 44, 9 et quadrans mihi nullus est in arca. Umbra, as in 1. 105, points to the peaceful seclusion which is necessary to the man of letters, and in 1. 173 to the quiet life of the school in contrast with the activity of the law courts.

9. ames you must put up with'; cf. the similar use of ảyaπâv. Machaerae: a praeco, as the context shows; see § 24 and note on 3, 33. 10. commissa...auctio: 'the contest of the auction'; see § 127 and cf. 1, 163 and 5, 29.

11. stantibus: i.e. circumstantibus, as in Ovid, Met. XIII, 1 vulgi stante corona, though corona suggests the force of the prefix; see § 44.*

12. Alcithoen: according to Ovid, Met. IV, 1 ff., Alcithoe and her sisters neglected the rites of Bacchus and were turned into bats. With these tragedies of otherwise unknown poets, cf. those mentioned in 1, 4 ff. Doubtless these subjects were common in Latin as in Greek; in 6, 644 a tragedy of Tereus is mentioned.

13. sub iudice: i.e. in court as a witness; cf. 16, 30. 14. faciant: on the mood, see § 113, a. time any one who possessed the 400,000 sesterces be recognized as eques Romanus (note on 3, 154).

1 Boswell's Johnson, Macmillan, 1900, I, p. 270.

equites Asiani: at this required by law might Asiani refers only to

2 C. I. L. 1x, 3307; cf. ib. XIV, 1941 and Suppl. It. 652; Cic. Agr. 1, 7; id. Quinct. 12; Liv. XXXIX, 44, 7.

3 J. Jessen, Philologus, LIX, 1900, p. 515, thinking of an auction in the open air, interprets stantibus' denen, die stehen bleiben'; see note on 3, 237.

the Roman province of Asia, which did not include Cappadocia, Bithynia, or Galatia cf. Cic. Deiot. 37 in Asia, Cappadocia, Ponto, Cilicia, Syria bella gesserunt; Bell. Alex. 78, 1 per Gallograeciam Bithyniamque in Asiam iter facit. On Juvenal's hatred of foreigners, see § 19. 15. quamquam: for the position, cf. 6, 199. Cappadoces: the most despised of Orientals, notorious for laziness, cowardice, and other ill qualities.1 Bithyni: elsewhere Bithyni, e.g. 10, 162; 15, 1; see § 157. The text is probably corrupt.2

3

16. altera... Gallia: i.e. Galatia or Gallograecia, so called from Gallic tribes which settled in Asia in 278 B.C. nudo... ...talo: see note on 1, 111. traducit: 'exposes to ridicule,' as in 2, 159; 8, 17; 11, 31, though some interpret literally 'sends across the sea.' See § 142. 19. laurumque momordit: the laurel, being sacred to Apollo, was a source of prophetic and poetic inspiration; cf. Tibull. 11, 5, 63 f. sacras innoxia laurus vescar (words of the Sibyl).

20. hoc agite: Sen. Ben. III, 36, 2 hoc agite, optimi iuvenes; see note on 5, 157.

21. sibi: see § 157.

ducis indulgentia: see note on 4, 145; cf. Stat.

Silv. v, 2, 125 ergo age, nam magno ducis indulgentia pulsat.

22. spectanda: i.e. exspectanda; for this colloquial use, cf. Ennodius, p. 479, 17 (Hartel) esset plectenda neglegentia et spectaret de illis poenam iudicibus and see § 44.

23. croceae membrana tabellae: probably small note-books of parchment, such as were used for original drafts or memoranda; in Mart. XIV, 7, pugillares membranei. Tabella is the page, as cera in the wax tablet; see notes on 1, 5, 63. The regular form of a published book was still the roll (volumen), though Martial mentions a Homer, a Vergil, and other authors in membranis."

25. Veneris... marito: i.e. Vulcano; cf. 10, 112 and see § 142. Catullus expresses the same idea in 36, 7 scripta tardipedi deo daturam. 26. pertunde: i.e. sine pertundi, a permissive use of the word.

27. frange... calamum: Mart. IX, 73, 9 frange leves calamos et scinde,

1 For a picture of the land and people, see Gildersleeve, Essays and Studies, pp. 355 f.; on the name as a proverb, A. Sonny, A.L.L. vIII, pp. 485 f.

2 The emendation preferred by Buecheler, faciantque equites Bithyni, which makes the verse spondaic, was advocated by Polstorff in 1896. If we should also insert et after Bithyni (Weise, 1. 1. p. 70), the text would be free from objection. S. G. Owen, ed. 1902, suggests Cappadoces, faciant Bithyni equitesque.

3 P, supported by the lemma of the scholiast, read gallica, which Buecheler and Owen retain. This, however, leaves altera without point, though in emphatic position. 4 See K. Dziatzko, Untersuchungen über ausgewählte Kapitel des antiken Buchwesens, Leipzig, 1900, pp. 131 f. 5 Mart. XIV, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192,; I, 2.