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tained every power and right not "expressly dele. gated to the United States." The consequence was that Congress was often obliged to usurp powers that it did not possess.

When this amendment was before Congress it was proposed to insert the word "expressly" before delegated, but the proposition was rejected. It was seen that it was not possible to confine a government to the exercise of express powers. The conferring of a power to do a thing implies the power to use the necessary The government must exercise implied powers, unless the Constitution should descend to the most minute details.

means.

The design of the amendment was not to abridge any of the powers granted under the Constitution, but to exclude any interpretation by which other powers should be assumed.

Art. 11, relating to the suability of a State by citizens of another State, and Art. 12, relating to the mode of choosing the President and Vice-President, have already been considered.

Art. 13, 1. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

2. "Congress shall have power to enforce this arti tle by appropriate legislation."

This amendment was proposed in the Senate Feb. 1, 1864. It passed the Senate April 8, 1864, by a vote of 36 to 6. It passed the House of Representatives Jan. 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56.

On Dec. 18, 1865, William H. Seward, Secretary of State, officially announced to the country that the amendment had been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States, and was consequently a part of the "supreme law of the land."

CHAPTER XIX.

THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE STATES.

WHEN the Revolution took place, the royal govern. ors, judges, and other officers who remained loyal to the king, left the country. The remaining officers, and the colonial assemblies, exercised the powers of government. New Jersey formed and adopted a constitution July 2, 1776-two days before the Declaration of Independence. It contained a provision by which it became null and void in case a reconciliation with the mother country took place.

After the Declaration of Independence, all the States formed and adopted constitutions, except Connecticut and Rhode Island. Those States continued to use their charters-Connecticut till 1818, and Rhode Island till 1842. Of course, every thing in the charters relating to the king was regarded as null and void.

The constitution of Virginia was adopted in 1776, and amended in 1830; of Maryland, in 1776, and

amended in 1795, 1799, and 1812; of North Carolina, in 1776, amended in 1835; of Massachusetts, in 1780, amended in 1820; of Delaware, in 1776, amended in 1792; of New York, in 1777, amended 1801, 1821, 1846; of Pennsylvania, in 1776, amended in 1790 and 1836; of New Hampshire, in 1777, amended in 1784 and 1792; of Georgia, in 1777, amended in 1785 and 1798; of Connecticut, in 1818; of Rhode Island, in 1842.

The first new State formed after the adoption of the Federal Constitution was Vermont. It was formed of territory belonging to New York. It was admitted to the Union in 1791. Its present constitution was adopted in 1793.

Kentucky formed a constitution in 1790, and was admitted to the Union in 1792. A second constitution was formed in 1799, and a third in 1849-'50.

The constitution of Tennessee was adopted February, 1796, admitted June, 1796. This State was formed from territory ceded to the United States by North Carolina.

The constitution of Ohio was formed in November, 1802, and she was admitted to the Union February, 1803. Ohio was formed from the eastern division of the Northwest Territory. This territory was ceded the Congress of the United States in 1784 by Virginia. By an ordinance passed by Congress in 1787, slavery was forever prohibited in that territory and the States

to be formed from it. The ordinance provided that not less than three nor more than five States should be formed out of the territory. The prosperous States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, were formed from that territory. The ordinance which forever secured them to freedom, was advocated by some of the most distinguished sons of Virginia, by which State, as we have seen, that vast territory was ceded to the United States.

The constitution of Louisiana was formed January, 1812, and she was admitted to the Union in April,

1812.

This State formed part of the territory purchased from France by President Jefferson, for $15,000,000. Jefferson acknowledged that the Constitution did not authorize the purchase of foreign territory, and intended to appeal to the people to make an amendment to the Constitution, sanctioning the purchase. There was such a general approval of the act, that no such amendment was proposed. It was plainly of the utmost consequence, that the mouth of the Mississippi, the outlet of the Western States, should not be under the control of a foreign power. John Quincy Adams spoke of the purchase as a "splendid violation of the Constitution."

The purchased territory was divided by Congress into the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana. The territory of Orleans formed a consti

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