to exercise and perform out of court or in vacation; provided, however, that nothing herein contained shall empower him to perform the duties of surrogate in such other county.

Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 356, as added by L. 1909, ch. 65, without change; originally revised from L. 1877, ch. 11, §1.

§ 77. Power of county judge to perform duties of justice of supreme court at chambers.

A county judge within his county possesses and upon proper application must exercise the power conferred by law in general language upon an officer authorized to perform the duties of a justice of the supreme court at chambers or out of court.

Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 241, as repealed by L. 1909, ch. 35, and re-enacted by L. 1910, ch. 575, without change; originally revised from code of proc., § 403, first clause, and R. S., pt. 3, ch. 3, tit. 2, §§ 18, 19.

Powers of county Judge.—People ex rel. Parr v. Parr, 121 N. Y. 679; People ex rel. Childs v. Knott, 187 App. Div. 604, 187 N. Y. Supp. 604; Larkin v. Steele, 25 Hun 254; Aldinger v. Pugh, 19 Civ. Proc. 91; Longstreet v. Hearey, 21 Civ. Proc. 16. Over infants. People ex rel.

Williams v. Corey, 46 Hun 408. Injunction. People v. Windholz, 68 App. Div. 552, 74 N. Y. Supp. 241; Babcock v. Clark, 23 Hun 391; People ex rel. Rhoades v. Humphries, 24 Barb. 521; People ex rel. Hoyle v. Osborne, 6 Civ. Proc. 299; People ex rel. Ward v. Ward, 59 How. Pr. 174.

Powers of special county Judge.-Matter of Parkman, 108 Misc. 316, 177 N. Y. Supp. 589.

§ 78. Continuance of proceedings before judges of same court.

In the counties within the first and second judicial districts, a special proceeding instituted before a judge of a court of record or a proceeding commenced before a judge of the court out of court in an action or special proceeding pending in a court of record, or an order made in any such proceeding may be amended, the time for service of an order therein, enlarged or extended or the proceeding continued from time to time or heard by or before one or more other judges of the same court with like effect as if it had been instituted or commenced before the judge who last hears the same. Any judge of the court shall have power to act in the matter at any stage of the proceeding as if he were the judge before whom the original proceeding had been begun.

Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 26, as am. L. 1890, ch. 451, L. 1910, ch. 562, without change; originally revised from code of proc., § 27, last sentence.

Construction.-Matter of Ward v. Stoddard, 144 App. Div. 143, 128 N. Y. Supp. 846.

Application.-Woodruff v. Imperial Ins. Co., 90 N. Y. 521; Matter of Mayor, etc., of New York, 139 N. Y.

140, 143; Matter of Morrison, 49 Misc. 464, 98 N. Y. Supp. 850; McAlpin v. Stoddard, 54 Misc. 647, 105 N. Y. Supp. 9; Chestnut v. Greenberg, 162 N. Y. Supp. 137; Dresser v. Van Pelt, 15 How. Pr. 19.

Continuance by adjournment.-Matter of Wilson v. Bracken, 150 App. Div. 577, 135 N. Y. Supp. 435.

§ 79. Vacancies or changes in judges; power of judge out of office.

An action or special proceeding, civil or criminal, in a court of record, is not discontinued by a vacancy or change in the judges of the court or by the re-election or re-appointment of a judge; but it must be continued, heard and determined by the court as constituted at the time of the hearing or determination. After a judge is out of office, he may settle a case or exceptions, or make any return of proceedings, had before him while he was in office, and may be compelled so to do by the court in which the action or special proceeding is pending.

Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 25, as am. by L. 1877, ch. 416, without change; originally a substitute for R. S., pt. 3, ch. 3, tit. 2, § 2.

Power of judge after expiration of term.-Matter

of Mayor, etc., of New York, 139 N. Y. 140; Smith v Smith, 173 App. Div. 524, 159 N. Y. Supp. 1035; Kelly v. Crystall, 16 Hun 242.

$80. Powers of court exercisable by referees.

Where the court is authorized to approve an undertaking or the sureties thereto, or to make an examination or inquiry, or to appoint an appraiser, receiver or trustee, it may direct a reference to one or more persons designated in the order, either to make the approval, examination, inquiry or appointment, or to report the facts to the court for its action thereupon. Where, according to the practice of the court of chancery on the thirty-first day of December, eighteen hundred and forty-six, a matter was referable to the clerk or to a master in chancery, a court having authority to act thereupon may direct a reference to one or more persons, designated in the order, with the powers which were possessed by the clerk or the master in chancery, except where it is otherwise specially prescribed by law.

Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 827, as am. by L. 1877, ch. 416, without change of substance; originally revised from L. 1847, ch. 280, 77, first sentence.

Application.-Doyle v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 136 N. Y. 505, 509; Francis v. Porter, 88 Hun 325, 34 N. Y. Supp. 752; Doyle v. Mayor, 26 Misc. 61, 56 N. Y. Supp. 441.

Receiver as referee.-Sanford v. Richardson, 176 App. Div. 199, 161 N. Y. Supp. 1026.

Written interrogatories.-Dowd v. Hughes' Sons Towing & Transportation Co., 183 App. Div. 580, 170 N. Y. Supp. 164.

City court of New York, Jurisdiction.-Matter of Gillespie v. Mulholland, 12 Misc. 40, 33 N. Y. Supp. 33; Voicly v. Aiello, 65 Misc. 539, 120 N. Y. Supp. 913. Matter referable to master.-Farmers' Nat. Bank v. Houston, 44 Hun 567.

COURTS, JUDGES AND REFEREES

§ 81

§ 81. Removal of referees and other officers and appointment of successors. A referee, receiver, commissioner or appraiser appointed by a court or judge may be removed by the court. In case of the death, resignation, neglect or refusal to serve, or removal, of any such officer, another person may be appointed in his stead.

Derivation.-New. This section makes general provision for removal and appointment of successors of various officers. See code civ. proc., § 1550, as to commissioners in 27

partition, § 1608 as to commissioners or referee in ad-
lunacy proceedings.
measurement of dower, and § 2329 as to commissioners in

ARTICLE 4

Abatement and continuance

Sec. 82. Abatement of action or special proceeding.

83. Proceedings upon transfer of interest, or devolution of liability.

84. Proceedings when sole party dies and action survives.

85. Proceedings when one of several parties dies.

86. Proceedings when part of cause of action survives.

87. New parties and cross-actions.

88. Abatement by order of court.

89. Abatement in action for a wrong.

90. Abatement by death or removal of public officer or trustee.

90a. Notice of revival of action or proceeding.

91. Exception as to special provisions.

92. Abatement by failure or adjournment of term of court.

93. Continuance of special proceeding before another officer.

94. Proceedings before substituted officer.

95. Continuance of proceedings on removal from one court to another.

§ 82. Abatement of action or special proceeding.

An action does not abate by any event if the cause of action survives or continues. A special proceeding does not abate by any event if the right to the relief sought in such special proceeding survives or continues.

Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 755, as am. by L. 1891, ch. 284, with last clause omitted as unnecessary; originally revised from code of proc., § 121, first sentence.

Application.-Mapes v. Snyder, 59 N. Y. 450; Blake v. Griswold, 104 N. Y. 613; Forster v. Cantoni, 19 App. Div. 306, 46 N. Y. Supp. 118; Dougherty v. King, 41 App. Div. 1, 58 N. Y. Supp. 67, revd., 165 N. Y. 657; McNulta v. Huntington, 62 App. Div. 257, 70 N. Y. Supp. 897; Matter of Smith v. Mingey, 72 App. Div. 103, 76 N. Y. Supp. 194, affd., 172 N. Y. 650; Thorburn v. Mitchell, 193 App. Div. 174, 183 N. Y. Supp. 424; Thorburn v. Gates, 191 App. Div. 506, 181 N. Y. Supp. 520; Skinner v. Sullivan, 112 Misc. 365, 184 N. Y. Supp. 159; Griswold v. Caldwell, 14 Misc. 299, 35 N. Y. Supp. 1057; Moriarty v. Bartlett, 34 Hun 272, revd., 99 N. Y. 651; Palen v. Bushnell, 51 Hun 423, 4 N. Y. Supp. 63; Robinson v. Govers, 65 Hun 562, 20 N. Y. Supp. 571; Matter of Camp, 81 Hun 387, 30 N. Y. Supp. 884.

Assault.-Daniel v. Brooklyn Heights R. R. Co., 76 Misc. 482, 135 N. Y. Supp. 698.

Action for penalty. People v. Newcomb, 75 Misc. 258, 135 N. Y. Supp. 151.

Laches in moving for revival.-Lyon v. Parks, 111 N. Y. 350; Crowley v. Murphy, 33 App. Div. 456, 54 N. Y. Supp. 54.

In surrogate's court.-Matter of Schlesinger, 36 App. Div. 77, 55 N. Y. Supp. 514; Matter of Camp, 81 Hun 387, 30 N. Y. Supp. 884.

Dissolution of corporation.-McCulloch v. Norwood, 58 N. Y. 562; Kincaid v. Dwinelle, 59 N. Y. 548; Sturges v. Vanderbilt, 73 N. Y. 384; Sigua Iron Co. v. Brown, 171 N. Y. 488; Matter of Yuengling Brewing Co., 24 App. Div. 223, 49 N. Y. Supp. 12; Mutual Bank v. Burrell, 29 Misc. 322, 60 N. Y. Supp. 522; Phoenix Warehouse Co. v. Badger, 6 Hun 293, affd., 67 N. Y. 294;

Matter of Norwood, 32 Hun 196; Hepworth v. Union
Ferry Co., 62 Hun 257, 16 N. Y. Supp. 692, contra Grafton
v. Union Ferry Co., 13 N. Y. Supp. 878; People v. Troy
Steel & Iron Co., 82 Hun 303, 31 N. Y. Supp. 337; In re
N. Y. El. R. Co., 17 N. Y. Supp. 778, affd., 133 N. Y. 690;
Matter of N. Y. Oxygen Co., 33 N. Y. Supp. 726.

Negligence.-Lutz v. Third Ave. R. Co., 44 App. Div. 256, 60 N. Y. Supp. 761; Foels v. Town of Tonawanda, 29 N. Y. Supp. 447.

Partner.-Merrill v. Blanchard, 7 App. Div. 167, 40 N. Y. Supp. 48, affd., 158 N. Y. 682; First Nat. Bank v. Huber, 26 N. Y. Supp. 961.

Payment into court after death of party.-Cazet v. Hubbell, 36 N. Y. 677.

Abatement by Imprisonment of party.-Bonnell v. R. W. & O. R. Čo., 12 Hun 218; Freeman v. Frank, 10 Abb. 370; O'Brien v. Hagan, 1 Duer 664.

Special proceeding.-Matter of Palmer, 115 N. Y. 493; Matter of Venable, 104 App. Div. 531, 93 N. Y. Supp. 1074.

Mandamus.-People ex rel. Broderick v. Morton, 156 N. Y. 136; People ex rel. La Chicotte v. Best, 187 N. Y. 1, 4, revg. 112 App. Div. 912, 98 N. Y. Supp. 1112; People ex rel. Hatch v. Lantry, 88 App. Div. 583, 85 N. Y. Supp.

193.

Decelt.-Squiers v. Thompson, 73 App. Div. 552, 76 N. Y. Supp. 734, affd., 172 N. Y. 652.

Divorce.-Hunt v. Hunt, 75 Misc. 209, 135 N. Y. Supp. 39.

Ejectment.-Arents v. Long Island R. Co., 36 App. Div. 379, 55 N. Y. Supp. 401.

Partition.-Cheney v. Rankin, 27 Misc. 609, 58 N. Y. Supp. 263.

Power to revive action.-Carolan v. O'Donnell, 141 App. Div. 463, 126 N. Y. Supp. 551.

§ 83. Proceedings upon transfer of interest, or devolution of liability.

In case of a transfer of interest, or devolution of liability, the action may be continued by or against the original party, unless the court directs the person to whom the interest is transferred or upon whom the liability is devolved to be substituted in the action or joined with the original party as the case requires.

Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 756, originally revised from code of proc., § 121, third sentence.

Application.-Foster v. Central Nat. Bank, 183 N. Y. 379; Hale v. Shannon, 58 App. Div. 247, 68 N. Y. Supp. 803; Rothbarth v. Herzfeld, 159 App. Div. 732, 144 N. Y. Supp. 974; Hartigan v. Casualty Co., 180 App. Div. 193; 167 N. Y. Supp. 645; Williams v. Crist Co., 190 App. Div. 29, 179 N. Y. Supp. 679; Spa. Baths Co. v. Comrs. State Reservation, 98 Misc. 399, 163 N. Y. Supp. 775; Estate of Tilden, 2 Dem. 489.

When continued in name of original plaintiff.— Getty v. Spaulding, 58 N. Y. 636; Steinhouser v. Mason, 135 N. Y. 635; Hawkins v. Mapes-Reeve Const. Co., 178 N. Y. 236; Merrill v. Blanchard, 7 App. Div. 167, 40 N. Y. Supp. 48, affd., 151 N. Y. 645, affd., 158 N. Y. 682; Dempsey v. McKenna, 18 App. Div. 200, 45 N. Y. Supp.

973; Fifth Nat. Bank v. Woolsey, 31 App. Div. 61, 52 N. Y. Supp. 827; Breese v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 37 App. Div. 152, 55 N. Y. Supp. 775; Burton v. Burton, 57 App. Div. 113, 67 N. Y. Supp. 1067; Perry v. Levenson, 82 App. Div. 94, 81 N. Y. Supp. 586, affd., 178 N. Y. 559; Beck v. Kerr, 87 App. Div. 1, 83 N. Y. Supp. 1057; Fox v. Peacock, 153 App. Div. 887, 138 N. Y. Supp. 535; Boston Woven Hose & Rubber Co. v. Jackson, 25 Misc. 781, 55 N. Y. Supp. 573; Remington Paper Co. v. O'Dougherty, 36 Hun 79, affd., 99 N. Y. 673; Lawson v. Town of Woodstock, 37 Hun 352; Senft v. Manhattan R. Co., 9. N. Y. Supp. 304; Sheldon v. Havens, 7 How. Pr. 268. Merger of corporation.-Burrow v. Marceau, 132 App. Div. 797, 127 N. Y. Supp. 537.

When continued in name of assignee, etc.-McGean v. M. E. R. Co., 133 N. Y. 9; Van Allen v. N. Y. E.

R. Co., 144 N. Y. 174; Hirschfeld v. Fitzgerald, 157 N. Y. 166; McNulto v. Huntington, 62 App. Div. 257, 70 N. Y. Supp. 897; Hunt v. Provident Savings Life Assur. Co., 77 App. Div. 338, 79 N. Y. Supp. 74; Hart v. Washburn, 62 Hun 543, 16 N. Y. Supp. 923; Stout v. Betts, 74 Hun 266, 26 N. Y. Supp. 809; People ex rel. Donohue, 19 N. Y. Supp. 36; Simons v. Hearn, 17 N. Y. Supp. 847, 44 St. Rep. 767.

Bights of grantee of property which is subject of an action. Requa v. Holmes, 16 N. Y. 193; Mooney v. New York El. R. Co., 163 N. Y. 242; Hutton v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 19 App. Div. 243, 46 N. Y. Supp. 169; Israel v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 58 App. Div. 266, 69 N. Y. Supp. 218; Jones v. Jones, 68 App. Div. 5, 74 N. Y. Supp. 297, affd., 171 N. Y. 653; Sandiford v. Town of Hempstead, 97 App. Div. 163, 183, 90 N. Y. Supp. 76; Board of Supervisors of New York v. Tweed, 3 Hun 682; Board of Supervisors of New York v. Miller, 4 Hun 71; McLachlin v. Brett, 27 Hun 18; Wood v. Kroll, 43 Hun 328; Spencer v. Berdell, 45 Hun 179; Korn v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 59 Hun 505, 13 N. Y. Supp. 518, affd., 129 N. Y. 648; Nickerson v. Crawford, 11 Ñ. Y. Supp. 503.

Trustee of personalty, continuance of action on death of beneficiary.-Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. Pendleton, 115 App. Div. 506, 101 N. Y. Supp. 340.

Substitution of receiver.-Hegewisch v. Silver, 140 N. Y. 414; Sigua Iron Co. v. Brown, 171 N. Y. 488; Baer v. McCullough, 176 N. Y. 97; Matter of Yuengling Brewing Co., 24 App. Div. 223, 49 N. Y. Supp. 12; Dougherty v. King, 41 App. Div. 1, 58 N. Y. Supp. 67; Barwin Realty Co. v. Batterman Co., 169 App. Div. 415, 155 N. Y. Supp. 178; Wamsley v. H. L. Horton Co., 17 Misc. 327, 39 N. Y. Supp. 963, affd., 12 App. Div. 312, 42 N. Y. Supp. 767; Shaped S. S. Co. v. Snow, Church & Co., 20 Misc. 319, 45 N. Y. Supp. 849; Prouty v. Mich. S. &

N. I. R. Co., 1 Hun 655; s. c., 52 N. Y. 363; Owen v. Kellogg, 56 Hun 455, 10 N. Y. Supp. 75; Hepworth v. Union Ferry Co., 62 Hun 257, 16 N. Y. Supp. 692; People v. Troy Steel & Iron Co., 82 Hun 303, 31 N. Y. Supp. 337; Decker v. Gardner, 11 N. Y. Supp. 388.

In supplementary proceedings.-Ross v. Wigg, 100 N. Y. 243; Fitzpatrick v. Moses, 34 App. Div. 242, 54 N. Y. Supp. 426.

Action by director not re-elected.-Hamilton v. Gibson, 145 App. Div. 825, 130 N. Y. Supp. 684.

Right of plaintiff to continue after bankruptcy.— Colgan v. Finck. 159 App. Div. 57, 144 N. Y. Supp. 405. Substitution of trustee in bankruptcy.-Murtagh v. Sullivan, 74 Misc. 517, 132 N. Y. Supp. 503.

Bankruptcy of defendant after appeal.-Schoonmaker v. Pittsburgh Contracting Co., 176 App. Div. 48, 161 N. Y. Supp. 186.

Successor bound by predecessor's act.-Moore v. Hamilton, 44 N. Y. 666; Thwing v. Thwing, 9 Abb. 323. Substitution of administrator as defendant.Hamilton v. Crawford, 73 Misc. 23, 132 N. Y. Supp. 277. Appointment of administrator, necessity upon substitution for deceased plaintiff. Schell v. Devlin, 82 N. Y. 333; McGeen v. Met. El. Ry. Co., 133 N. Y. 9; Barnett v. Thompson, 27 N. Y. Supp. 565.

Motion to revive, defense.-Patterson v. McCunn, 14 St. Rep. 385.

Laches.-Mason v. Sanford, 137 N. Y. 497; Hale v. Shannon, 58 App. Div. 247, 68 N. Y. Supp. 803; Bennett v. Thompson, 76 Hun 125, 27 N, Y. Supp. 565; Riverside Bank v. Totten, 16 N. Y. Supp. 348; Gas Works Const. Co. v. Monheimer, 20 N. Y. Supp. 501; Wright v. Chase, 28 N. Y. Supp. 310.

Conditions.-Collins v. Jewell, 3 Misc. 341, 22 N. Y. Supp. 716; Slaven v. Germain, 19 N. Y. Supp. 492.

§ 84. Proceedings when sole party dies and action survives.

In case of the death of a sole plaintiff or a sole defendant, if the cause of action survives or continues, the court, upon a motion, must allow or compel the action to be continued by or against his representative or successor in interest. In case of the death of a sole party to a special proceeding, if the right to the relief sought in such proceeding survives or continues, the court, upon a motion, must allow or compel such proceeding to be continued by or against his representative or successor in interest. This provision as to a special proceeding does not apply where provision for such continuance has been otherwise made by law,

Derivation. Code civ.

ch. 416, L. 1879, ch. 542, 757, as am. by L. 1877, 1891, ch. 284; originally revised from code of proc., § 121, second sentence.

References.-Time to move to continue, not extended, C. P. A., 99. Continuance against successor, decedent estate 1., 145. Effect of death pending appeal, C. P. A., $478.

History.-Hegerich v. Keddie, 99 N. Y. 258; Warson v. Watson, 1 Hun 267.

Application. Coit v. Campbell, 82 N. Y. 509; Holsman v. St. John, 90 N. Y. 461; Van Brocklin v. Van Brocklin, 17 App. Div. 226, 45 N. Y. Supp. 541; Griswold v. Caldwell, 14 Misc. 299, 35 N. Y. Supp. 1057; Palen v. Bushnell, 51 Hun 423, 4 N. Y. Supp. 63; Riley v. Riley, 64 Hun 496, 19 N. Y. Supp. 522, revd., 141 N. Y. 409; Matter of Camp, 81 Hun 387, 30 N. Y. Supp. 884; Mackey v. Duryea, 6 N. Y. Supp. 573; Knock v. Funke, 28 Abb. N. C. 240.

Discretion of court.-Matter of Palmer, 115 N. Y. 493; Shipman v. Long Island R. Co., 11 App. Div. 46, 39 N. Y. Supp. 498, 41 N. Y. Supp. 1131; Wright v. Chase, 77 Hun 90, 28 N. Y. Supp. 310.

Duty of court.-Coit v. Campbell, 82 N. Y. 509; Simmons v. Craig, 137 N. Y. 550.

Laches. Coit v. Campbell, 82 N. Y. 509; Beach v. Reynolds, 53 N. Y. 1; Evans v. Cleveland, 72 N. Y. 486; Holsman v. St. John, 90 N. Y. 461; Lyon v. Park, 111 N. Y. 350; Hayes v. Nourse, 114 N. Y. 595; Duffy v. Duffy, 117 N. Y. 647; Mason v. Sanford, 137 N. Y. 497; Pringle v. Long Island R. Co., 157 N. Y. 100; Shipman v. Long Island R. Co., 11 App. Div. 46, 39 N. Y. Supp. 498, 41 N. Y. Supp. 1131; Van Brocklin v. Van Brocklin, 17 App. Div. 226, 45 N. Y. Supp. 541; Markell v. Nester, 29 App. Div. 55, 51 N. Y. Supp. 852; Crowley v. Murphy, 33 App. Div. 456, 54 N. Y. Supp. 54; Hale v. Shannon, 58 App. Div. 247, 68 N. Y. Supp. 803; Jones v. Jones, 68 App. Div. 5, 74 N. Y. Supp. 297, affd., 171 N. Y. 653; McInnis v. Gardiner, 26 Mise. 487, 57 N. Y. Supp. 471; Matter of Bainbridge, 4 Hun 674; In re Pearsall, 12 N. Y. Supp. 604; Matter of Palmer, 13 N. Y. Supp. 675; Gas Works Const. Co. v. Standard Gas L. Co., 20 N. Y. Supp. 501; Mayer v. Bruns, 37 N. Y. Supp. 1021.

Practice. Livermore v. Bainbridge, 49 N. Y. 125; Arthur v. Griswold, 60 N. Y. 143; Hasbrouck v. Bunce, 62 N. Y. 147; Schell v. Devlin, 82 N. Y. 333; Corbett v. Twenty-third St. R. Co., 114 N. Y. 579; Mapes v. Knorr, 47 App. Div. 639, 62 N. Y. Supp. 303; Wilson v. Harter, 57 App. Div. 484, 68 N. Y. Supp. 116; Betts v. De Selding,

81 App. Div. 161, 80 N. Y. Supp. 799; Robinson v. Thomas, 123 App. Div. 411, 107 N. Y. Supp. 1110; Pierce v. Supreme Tent, Knights of Maccabees, 140 App. Div. 730, 125 N. Y. Supp. 658; Skinner v. Sullivan, 112 Misc. 365, 184 N. Y. Supp. 159; Robinson v. Brisbane, 7 Hun 180, affd. 67 N. Y. 606; Pierson v. Morgan, 44 Hun 517; Bennett v. Thompson, 76 Hun 125, 27 N. Y. Supp. 565; Paget v. Pease, 2 N. Y. Supp. 335; Clute v. Emerich, 2 N. Y. Supp. 874; Benedict v. Cobb, 7 N. Y. Supp. 916; Northrup v. Smith, 9 N. Y. Supp. 802; Pierson v. Cronk, 13 N. Y. Supp. 845.

Terms upon continuance.-McInnus v. Gardiner, 26 Misc. 482, 57 N. Y. Supp. 471.

Substitution of assignee as plaintiff.-Schlichter v. Brooklyn Saw-Mill Co., 35 Hun 339.

Order of substitution as evidence.-Gibson v. Nat. Park Bank, 98 N. Y. 87; Arthur v. Griswold, 2 Hun 606; S. C., 60 N. Y. 143; Wood v. Flynn, 30 Hun 444; Powers v. Manhattan Ry. Co., 13 N. Y. Supp. 599.

Proof upon petition for substitution.-Warner v. Schweitzer, 52 App. Div. 520, 65 N. Y. Supp. 384.

"Successor in interest."-Higgins v. Mayor, etc., of New York, 136 N. Y. 214; Wamsley v. Horton & Co., 12 App. Div. 312, 42 N. Y. Supp. 767, affd., 153 N. Y. 687; Hale v. Shannon, 58 App. Div. 247, 68 N. Y. Supp. 803; McNulta v. Huntington, 62 App. Div. 257, 70 N. Y. Supp. 897; Hunt v. Provident Savings Life Assur. Soc., 77 App. Div. 338, 79 N. Y. Supp. 74; Perry v. Levenson, 82 App. Div. 94, 81 N. Y. Supp. 586, affd., 178 N. Y. 559; McGrat v. Weiller, 98 App. Div. 291, 90 N. Y. Supp. 420; Duke v. Abel, 57 Misc. 371, 109 N. Y. Supp. 662; Bellinger v. Birge, 7 N. Y. Supp. 695; Northrup v. Smith, 9 N. Y. Supp. 802; Green v. Martine, 1 Civ. Proc. Rep. 129; Lamont v. Haight, 44 How. 1.

Actions surviving death.-Haight v. Hayt, 19 N. Y. 464; Bixbie v. Wood, 24 N. Y. 607, 612; McGregor v. McGregor, 35 N. Y. 218; Potter v. Van Vranken, 36 N. Y. 619; Atlantic Dock Co. v. Mayor, 53 N. Y. 64; Scholey v. Halsey, 72 N. Y. 578; Chase v. Lord, 77 N. Y. 1; Cregin v. Brooklyn Crosstown R. Co., 83 N. Y. 595; Richardson v. Draper, 87 N. Y. 337; Holsman v. St. John, 90 N. Y. 461; Brackett v. Griswold, 103 N. Y. 425; People ex rel. Fairchild v. Comrs. of Fire & Buildings, 105 N. Y. 674; Cochran v. Wiechers, 119 N. Y. 399; Cheney v. Rankin, 27 Misc. 609, 58 N. Y. Supp. 263; Daniel v. Brooklyn Heights R. R. Co., 76 Misc. 482, 135 N. Y. Supp. 698; Bond v. Smith, 4 Hun 48; Matter of Foster, 7 Hun 129; Matthews v. D. & H. Canal Co., 20 Hun 427; More v.

Deyoe, 22 Hun 208; Roberts v. Marsden, 23 Hun 486; Scott v. Brown, 24 Hun 620; Ward v. Reynolds, 25 Hun 385; Platt v. Ashman, 32 Hun 230; Moriarty v. Bartlett, 34 Hun 272, revd., 99 N. Y. 651; Shale v. Shantz. 35 Hun 622; Morenus v. Crawford, 51 Hun 89, 5 N. Y. Supp. 453; McComb v. Kellogg, 1 N. Y. Supp. 206; Sanders v. N. Y. El. R. Co., 7 N. Y. Supp. 641; Lehman v. Koch. 9 N. Y. Supp. 302; Riley v. Gitterman, 10 N. Y. Supp. 38; Heinmuller v. Gray, 13 Abb. N. S. 299; Dalton v. Sandland, 4 Civ. Proc. Rep. 73; First Nat. Bank v. Lenk, 18 Civ. Proc. Rep. 209; Burbridge v. Hart, 54 How. Pr. 455.

Actions not surviving death.-Burkell v. Luce, 1 N. Y. 163; Spooner v. Keeler, 51 N. Y. 527; Kalbfliesch, 58 N. Y. 282; Leavy v. Gardner, 63 N. Y. 624; Price v. Price, 75 N. Y. 244; Johnson v. Elwood, 82 N. Y. 362; Stokes v. Stickney, 96 N. Y. 323; Hegerich v. Keddie, 99 N. Y. 258; Brackett v. Griswold, 103 N. Y. 425; Carr v. Rischer, 119 N. Y. 117; Bank of California v. Collins, 5 Hun 209; Holliday v. Parker, 23 Hun 71; McKeen v. Fish, 33 Hun 28, affd., 98 N. Y. 645; Kelsey v. Jewett, 34 Hun 11; Victory v. Krauss, 41 Hun 533; Matter of Palmer, 43 Hun 572; Leake v. Bundy, 48 Hun 208; Boyle v. Thurber, 50 Hun 259, 2 N. Y. Supp. 789; Wellman v. Sun Printing & Pub. Assn., 66 Hun 331, 21 N. Y. Supp. 577; Pessini v. Wilkins, 8 Ct. Rep. 89; Dyckman v. Allen, 2 How. 17; Best v. Vedder, 58 How. 187.

When action continued.-Garden_v. Strong, 158 N. Y. 407; Meekin v. Brooklyn Heights R. Co., 164 N. Y.

145; Shayne v. Evening Post Pub. Co., 168 N. Y. 70;
Hadcock v. Osmer, 4 App. Div. 435, 38 N. Y. Supp. 618,
affd., 153 N. Y. 604; O'Brien v. Blaut, 17 App. Div. 288,
45 N. Y. Supp. 217; Forster v. Cantoni, 19 App. Div. 306,
46 N. Y. Supp. 118; Lemon v. Smith, 20 App. Div. 523,
47 N. Y. Supp. 158; First Nat. Bank of Brooklyn v.
Wright, 38 App. Div. 2, 56 N. Y. Supp. 308; Krumbeck v.
Clancy, 41 App. Div. 397, 58 N. Y. Supp. 727; Logan v.
Greenwich Trust Co., 144 App. Div. 372, 129 N. Y. Supp.
577; German-American Coffee Co. v. Johnston, 168 App.
Div. 31, 153 N. Y. Supp. 866; Hoeflin v. Gredney, 23
Misc. 518, 51 N. Y. Supp. 871; Demaron v. Martin, 72-
Misc. 152, 131 N. Y. Supp. 46; McLachlin v. Brett, 27
Hun 18; Palen v. Bushnell, 51 Hun 423, 4 N. Y. Supp. 63;
Bennett v. Thompson, 76 Hun 125, 27 N. Y. Supp. 565;
Webster v.
Kings Co. Trust Co., 80 Hun 420, 30 N. Y.
Supp. 357, affd., 145 N. Y. 275; Miller v. Young, 90 Hun
132, 35 N. Y. Supp. 643.

When action not continued.-Husted v. Thompson, 7 App. Div. 66, 39 N. Y. Supp. 971, affd., 158 N. Y. 328; Matter of Schlesinger, 36 App. Div. 77, 55 N. Y. Supp. 514; Hamilton v. Gorman, 14 Misc. 114, 35 N. Y. Supp. 183; Sullivan v. N. Y. El. R. Co., 14 Misc. 426, 36 N. Y. Supp. 16; Milady v. Stein, 19 Misc. 652, 44 N. Y. Supp. 408; McCue v. Finck, 20 Misc. 506, 46 N. Y. Supp. 242; Stephens v. Humphreys, 73 Hun 199, 25 N. Y. Supp. 946, affd., 141 N. Y. 586.

§ 85. Proceedings when one of several parties dies.

In case of the death of one of two or more plaintiffs, or one of two or more defendants, if the entire cause of action survives to or against the others, the action may proceed in favor of or against the survivors. The estate of a person or party jointly liable upon contract with others, however, shall not be discharged by his death, and the court may make an order to bring in the proper representative of the decedent when it is necessary so to do for the proper disposition of the matter; and, where the liability is several as well as joint, may order a severance of the action so that it may proceed separately against the representative of the decedent and against the surviving defendant or defendants. Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 758, as am. by L. 1877, ch. 416; originally revised from R. S., pt. 3, ch. 7, tit. 1, § 1.

References.-Actions against joint debtors. C. P. A., §§ 1197-1201; severance of joint actions, Id., § 475. Referee may direct severance, Id., § 469. Effect of death pending appeal, Id., § 478.

Prior rule.-Wood v. Frisk, 63 N. Y. 245; Risley v. Brown, 67 N. Y. 160; Randall v. Sackett, 77 N. Y. 480; Baskin v. Huntington, 130 N. Y. 313; Livermore v. Bushnell, 5 Hun 285; Richardson v. Draper, 23 Hun 188, affd., 87 N. Y. 337; Smith v. Osborne, 31 Hun 390; Chard v. Hamilton, 56 Hun 259, 9 N. Y. Supp. 575, affd., 125 N. Y. 777; Douglass v. Ferris, 18 N. Y. Supp. 686.

Effect of section.-Polhemus Printing Co. v. Wynkoop, 30 App. Div. 524, 52 N. Y. Supp. 420; Hents v. Havemeyer, 132 App. Div. 56, 116 N. Y. Supp. 317.

Application.-Lyon v. Park, 111 N. Y. 350; Hard v. Mingle, 206 N. Y. 179, 183; County of Erie v. Baltz, 125 App. Div. 144, 109 N. Y. Supp. 304; Seligman v. Friedlander, 138 App. Div. 784, 123 N. Y. Supp. 583; German-American Coffee Co. v. O'Neil, 102 Misc. 165, 169 N. Y. Supp. 421; Palen v. Bushnell, 51 Hun 423, 4 N. Y. Supp. 63.

Pleading. Hasbrouck v. Bunce, 62 N. Y. 475; Potts v. Dounce, 173 N. Y. 335; Seligman v. Friedlander, 199 N. Y. 373, affg. 138 App. Div. 784, 123 N. Y. Supp. 583; First Nat. Bank v. Lenk, 10 N. Y. Supp. 261.

Practice.-Young v. Heermans, 66 N. Y. 374; Edwards v. Woodruff, 90 N. Y. 396; Groot v. Agens, 107 N. Y. 633; Matter of Robinson, 40 App. Div. 23, 57 N. Y. Supp. 502; O'Connor v. Green, 60 App. Div. 553, 69

N. Y. Supp. 1097; Comins v. Hetfield, 12 Hun 375, affd.,
80 N. Y. 261; McLachlin v. Brett, 27 Hun 18; Waters v.
Manhattan Ry. Co., 66 Hun 60, 20 N. Y. Supp. 831;
Empire State Savings Bank v. Beard, 81 Hun 184, 30
N. Y. Supp. 756, revd. on other grounds, 151 N. Y. 638;
Fine v. Righter, 3 Abb. N. S. 385.

Laches. Chapman v. Foster, 15 How. 241; Keene v.
La Farge, 16 How. 405.

Mortgage foreclosure.-Hancock v. Hancock, 22
N. Y. 568.

Partition.-Gordon v. Sterling, 13 How. 405.
Ejectment.-St. John v. Croel, 10 How. 253.
Tort.-Lane v. Fenn, 76 Misc. 48, 134 N. Y. Supp. 92;-
Shale v. Schantz, 35 Hun 622; Pierson v. Morgan, 4
N. Y. Supp. 898.

Successor, when necessary party.-Tracy v. First
Nat. Bank of Selma, 37 N. Y. 523; Paget v. Pease, 6 N. Y.
Supp. 386; Holmes v. Honie, 8 How. 383.

Partners.-Krumbeck v. Clancy, 41 App. Div. 397, 58 N. Y. Supp. 727; Hentz v. Havemeyer, 132 App. Div. 56, 116 N. Y. Supp. 317; Latz v. Blumenthal, 50 Misc. 407, 100 N. Y. Supp. 527, affd., 116 App. Div. 914, 101 N. Y. Supp. 1128; Masten v. Blackwell, 8 Hun 313; Taylor v. Church, 9 How. 190; La Chaise v. Libby, 21 How. 362. "Severance."-Union Bank v. Mott, 27 N. Y. 633; Arthur v. Griswold, 2 Hun 606; Bond v. Smith, 4 Hun 48; Pierson v. Morgan, 4 N. Y. Supp. 898; Gas Works Const. Co. v. Standard Gas L. Co., 20 N. Y. Supp. 501; Hobart v: Peck, 1 N. Y. Supp. 623, 16 St. Rep. 925; Heinmuller v. Gray, 13 Abb. N. S. 299; McVean v. Scott, 46 Barb. 379; Gardner v. Walker, 22 How. 405.

§ 86. Proceedings when part of cause of action survives.

In case of the death of one of two or more plaintiffs, or one of two or more defendants, if part only of the cause of action, or part or some of two or more distinct causes of action, survives to or against the others, the action may proceed without bringing in the successor to the rights or liabilities of the deceased party; and the judgment shall not affect him or his interest in the subject of the action. Where it appears proper so to do, the court may require or compel the successor, or a person who claims to be the successor, to be brought in as a party, upon his own application or upon the application of a party to the action. Derivation.-Code civ. proc., § 759; originally revised from R. S., pt. 3, ch. 1, tit. 2, §§ 108, 109, 115, 117, 120,

121.

Application.-Lyon v. Park, 111 N. Y. 350; Lemon v. Smith, 20 App. Div. 523, 47 N. Y. Supp. 158; Eberle v. Bryant, 31 Misc. 814, 63 N. Y. Supp. 963, affd., 32 Misc.

195, 65 N. Y. Supp. 728; Leggett v. Dubois, 2 Paige 211; White v. Buloid, 2 Paige 475; Hoffman v. Treadwell, 6. Paige 308.

Cited.-Van Tuyl v. Schwab, 172 App. Div. 670,. 158 N. Y. Supp. 424.