"that India Company." He farther states summer." From the investigation the following facts appear to be incontrovertibly esta blished: 1. That, from the enormous height, extent, and complication, of the machinery of the tread-wheel, there appears to be an insuperable difficulty in constructing it of iron, whether cast or malleable, sufficiently pure and powerful to support the incumbent load or strain that is often imposed upon its shafts, with their subterraneous ramifications, to a perilous extent, without breaking that such accidents have already taken place in different prisons, and not less than four times, in little more than three months, in the House of Correction in Cold Bath Fields, with precipitation, from a considerable height, of all the prisoners employed at the time, who were thrown on their backs, with considerable injury to many of them.* 2. That, from the peculiar motion of the limbs for which alone this machine was in tended, which is that of treading on tiptoe up an endless hill, with the body bent for ward, and the hands rigidly and unremit tingly grasping a rail for support, an exertion is produced, so exhausting to the animal frame, that scarcely any committee of visiting magistrates have ventured to enforce its use for more than a quarter of an hour at a time; while at the House of Correction at Edinburgh, seven minutes and a half, or just half this period, is the utmost that is risked. 3. That in consequence hereof a most distressing thirst, debilitating perspiration, and actual loss of flesh, are often produced, and especially in warm weather, during every successive round of working, short as the period is; as has been frequently experienced in the prison in Cold Bath Fields, and is admitted to have oc Other similar fractures have since taken place in the same prison, one of them since part of these sheets have been in the press. Such was their position at the Cold Bath Fields Prison, when visited by the writer in May, 1822. at all times. ing and over exertion, many of the female 5. That, in consequence of such strainprisoners have been suddenly obliged to descend from the tread mill in the prison in Cold Bath Fields in the midst of their task-work, accompanied with circumstances of the most repulsive indelicacy, insomuch that the female prisoners con fined within these walls, as well as in most other prisons, have been of late, altogether or in a great degree, exempted from this kind of labour. 6. That the concurrent testimony of numerous medical practitioners, of high chaproved that habitual labour of a like deracter and extensive experience, has scription, as that of mariners, and even of a lighter kind, as the ladder-treading in thatching and among masons' labourers, miners, &c. has a gradual tendency to produce ruptures and varicose veins, or merous instances, has actually produced nodulous tumours on the legs; and, in nuthem. Whence it has been reasonably apprehended by other practitioners of great talents and attainments, who have particularly attended to this machine and ployment upon it than has hitherto been exits effects, that a stated and longer emperimented in any prison, in consequence of its being of novel introduction, will ne cessarily give a still greater tendency to the same injuries, and, the end, more certainly and more extensively induce them among those who are sentenced to its morbid discipline. labouring under the above affections, and 7. That on this account, prisoners, especially under ruptures or consumptions, or a tendency to such complaints, are, in the Cold Bath Fields Prison, or altogether exempted from the punishment were till of late, as also in other prisons, of the tread-wheel. 8. That for these and similar reasons, the unhappy culprits whose fate it is to be committed to prisons where this trying discipline is in use, to adopt the impressive language of the Prison Discipline Committee, "have a horror of the mill, and would sooner undergo, as they all declare, any fatigue, or suffer any deprivation, than rett return to the House of Correction when once released." 9. That, in consequence of the above mischiefs found practically and essentially to appertain to the tread-wheel, its employment, notwithstanding its enormous expence in erecting, is of very limited extent, and cannot or ought not to be exercised over more than one half of the delinquents to whom it was originally appropriated female prisoners, as observed above, being already considered as unfit subjects of its discipline, as are also those who are labouring under consumptions, ruptures, and various other weaknesses, or a tendency to such weaknesses. 10. That, while it is regarded as a leading principle of justice in all countries, to proportion the kind and degree of punishment to the kind and degree of criminality, the discipline of the tread-wheel offers, not merely one kind alone, but one degree alone, of infliction upon prisoners of every class so that the beggar, the poacher, the shoplifter, and the house. breaker, are, under its dominion, all and equally sentenced, so long as they continue in confinement, to the same kind and the same undistinguished degree of severe and perilous suffering; though nothing can be more manifest than their respective gradations of delinquency. 11. That it is hence absolutely expedient for the purposes of the first principles of justice, as well as for those of carrying into practical effect the salutary applica. tion of hard prison labour, in the full spirit as well as letter of the Statute, that means of discipline of a very different description from that of the tread-wheel should be resorted to. 12. That the discipline of the hand crank mill, or machinery, already employed in the National Penitentiary on the banks of the Thames, as well as in numerous other prisons, when it has received those improvements of which it is so obviously susceptible, and which are now in actual preparation, with all the facilities for enforcing and graduating the infliction of hard manual labour, appears to offer a considerable approach to this desirable object; affords to the workers the natural position of standing firm upon the feet, and on firm ground; calls into full exertion the muscles of the hands, arms, and chest; divides the exercise equally among those organs that are intended by nature for muscular motion, instead of limiting it to those that are either never designed, or not ordinarily designed, for such purpose; increases the general health and strength, instead of counteracting them; and hereby prepares every prisoner, so worked, for applying himself, with greater facility, to a variety of handicraft and other trades after his discharge from confinement than he possessed before his commitment to prison; and renders, in fact, the habitual use of hard manual labour a great and permanent good, instead of what may possibly be a serious and lasting evil. BRITISH LEGISLATION. ACTS PASSED in the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM. CAPER AP. LXXXI. To amend the Laws relating to Bankrupts. Commissioners empowered to summon witnesses as to trading and act of bankruptcy.-Persons refusing to attend may be apprehended.-Persons refusing to be examined, or to produce books, &c. may be committed.-Lord Chancellor may order bankrupts to join in conveyances.Lord Chancellor may vacate deeds of bargains and sales, 5 G. 2. c. 30. and a new bargain and sale may be executed.-Joint commissions may be issued against two or more of the partners in a firm.- Joint creditors of three or more partners may vote in the choice of assignees in certain cases. -Assignees may use the names of partners in suits. Cap. LXXXII. For reducing the Duties of Excise payable upon Salt in England, and repealing the Duties upon Salt (not being Foreign Salt), and re ducing the Duties upon Foreign Salt payable in Scotland. Cap. LXXXIII. additional Duties and Drawbacks on To repeal the Leather, granted and allowed by Two Acts of his late Majesty, and to grant other Drawbacks in lieu thereof, and to secure the Duties on Leather. Cap. LXXXIV. To authorize certain temporary Advances of Money, for the Relief of the Distresses existing in Ireland. Cap. LXXXV. To allow peremptory Challenge of Jurors in Criminal Trials in Scotland. In criminal trials the prosecutor and without assigning any reason.- Provided pannel may challenge five of the jurors always, that after each challenge made by any of the said parties respectively, it shall be incumbent upon the judge to chuse another another juror, so as again to complete the number of fifteen, before the party challenging shall be obliged to make any second or subsequent challenge; and the juror or jurors to be chosen to supply the place or places of the juror or jurors challenged shall be equally liable to be chal lenged as the jurors originally chosen. Cap. LXXXVI. To amend Two Acts of the Fifty-seventh Year of his late Majesty, and the First Year of his present Majesty, for authorizing the Issue of Exchequer Bills, and the Advance of Money for carrying on Public Works and Fisheries, and Employment of the Poor; and to authorize a further Issue of Exchequer Bills for the Purposes of the said Acts. Cap. LXXXVII. To enable his Majesty's Court of Exchequer to sit, and the Lord Chief Baron or any other Baron of the said Court to try Middlesex Issues, elsewhere than in the Place where the Court of Exchequer is commonly kept in the County of Middlesex. Cap. LXXXVIII. To amend the Laws relating to the Land and Assessed Taxes, and to regulate the Appointment of Receivers General in England and Wales. Cap. LXXXIX. To provide for the Charge of the Addition to the Public Funded Debt of Great Britain, for the Service of the Year 1822. Cap. XC. To revive and continue, until the Fifth Day of July, 1823, certain additional Bounties on the Exportation of certain Silk Manufactures of Great Britain and Ireland. Cap. XCI. For regulating the Mode of accounting for the Common Good and Revenues of the Royal Burghs of Scotland. Cap. XCII. To explain an Act of the Fifty-third Year of the Reign of his late Majesty, respecting the Enrolment of Memorials of Grants of Annuities. Cap. XCIII. For carrying into Execution an Agreement between his Majesty and the East India Company. Cap. XCIV. To provide for the Collection and Payment of the Counter vailing Duties and Drawbacks granted by an Act of this present Session on Malt and other Articles imported and exported between Great Britain and Ireland, Cap. XCV. To reduce the Rate of Duties payable in respect of certain Carriages used and employed for the Pur. pose of conveying Passengers for Hire, and to make Regulations and Provisions relating to Stage Coaches and the Duties thereon. Plates to be placed on such carriages.Plates to be affixed on each door of such carriages.-Penalty on not having such plates, 201. Every carriage or vehicle used, employed, or let out, for the purpose of conveying passengers for hire to or from or from and to any place or places in Great Britain, and traveling at the rate of three regard to the number of wheels or to the or more miles in the hour, shall, without number of horses by which the same may be drawn, or to the number of passengers which the same shall or may be able or fitted to contain or carry, or to its being an open or close carriage, be deemed and taken to be a stage coach or carriage; provided the passenger or passengers to be carried or conveyed by any such carriage or vehicle, shall be charged or shall pay separate and distinct fares, or a sepa rate and distinct fare, or be charged at the rate of separate and distinct fares. Persons authorized to examine plates, &c. made liable for the payment of the may enter toll-houses.-Carriages, horses, duty. If the coachman, guard, or other person having the care of any such coach, mail coach, or other carriage or vehicle as aforesaid, or employed in, upon, or about, the same, shall, by intoxication, or wanton and furious driving, or any other wilful misconduct on the public highway, injure or endanger any peison or persons whatever in his, her, or their, life or lives, limbs, or property, every such coachman or person as aforesaid so offending, shall for every such offence be liable to fines of 51. to 101. or be imprisoned three or six months; the fine or penalty to be levied, mitigated, and applied, in the same or the like manner as in and by the said recited Act was mentioned and provided with respect to the offences therein specified; provided that nothing in this Act contained shall extend to or be construed to extend to affect Hackney coaches or chariots, or their owners or drivers respectively, duly licensed by the commissioners of Hackney coaches. Duties on Goods imported into the said Colony, and to suspend, for Ten Years, the Payment of Duty on the Importa. tion of certain Goods, the Produce of New South Wales. Cap. XCVII. To continue for Two Years an Act of the Fifty sixth Year of his late Majesty, for establishing Regulations respecting Aliens arriving in or resident in this Kingdom, in certain Cases. Cap. XCVIII. For enabling his Majesty to grant Pensions to the Servants of her late Majesty Queen Caroline. Cap. XCIX. To continue, until the Fifth Day of January, 1825, the Duties of Customs payable on British Salt imported into Ireland; to repeal the Duties on Foreign Salt imported into Ireland; and to grant other Duties in lieu thereof. Cap. C. To incorporate the Contributors for the Erection of a National Monument in Scotland, to commemorate the Naval and Military Victories obtained during the late War. Сар. СІ. For granting to his Majesty a Sum of Money to be raised by Lotteries. Cap. CII. To repeal an Act of the First and Second Year of his present Majesty, for facilitating the Dispatch of Business in the Court of King's Bench; and to make further provisions in lieu thereof. Cap. CIII. For the Appointment of Constables, and to secure the effectual Performance of the Duties of their Office, and for the Appointment of Magistrates, in Ireland, in certain Cases. NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN JUNE: Authors or Publishers,,desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month. DR. JONES's long-expected Greek and English Lexicon has at last appeared in a well-printed octavo volume of about 900 pages, in double columns. Such a dictionary has been hitherto a desideratum. We have had several Lexicons to the New Testament, of which Parkhurst's is the latest and most extensive; but, with regard to the vocables of other Greek works, the learner has always until now had the double task of discovering their meaning through the medium of a Latin translation, thus giving him two chances of error in place of one. Dr. Jones is well known as an eminent Greek scholar; and from such a man the circumstance of his being obliged to look, in every case, for an English cor. responding term, must have been of great advantage to the work. The Latin translation is so familiar to the learned, that it comes to the mind almost insensibly; and an explanation, in that language, would have been to the doctor a mere matter of rote. Here, however, with all his knowledge, he must have been forced to think. The corresponding English word, which might best express the primary meaning of the Greek term, could not have been written from memory, and was not often to be had without study and reflection. It is this study and reflection which, in our opinion, renders this dictionary much more valuable to an Englishman than any other Lexicon whatever. The words are here in alphabetical order; but the author promises a large quarto, arranged according to the roots, and furnished with an index for the ease of consultation. In this promised work, the vocabulary is to be more copious; but the volume before us will not be found wanting in that respect by any learner, for he must study anthors that are not generally studied before he meet with a word which is not contained in this octavo. In his explanations, the doctor keeps to the principle so well illus. trated by Mr. Tooke, that every word has one fixed meaning, from which its secondary applications are derived. This mean, ing he illustrates, by tracing the etymology of each primitive to some one of the Asiatic tongues,-generally to the Hebrew. This he does with great ingenuity; but whether or not he has been always successful is, in our opinion, of less consequence than most people imagine. The research in such cases goes backwards; for it is generally from a knowledge of the word, as exhibited in a multitude of situations, that the etymologist first catches its radical meaning, which is confirmed rather than discovered by its etymon. This is the usual and the rational procedure; unless the lexicographer could hit upon an etymology intuitively, and then demonstrate its origin by appealing to the applications of the derivative. To do this, however, would require an intimate knowledge of the Oriental tongues, a knowledge which is possessed by few or none of the literati of Europe. M. Tulli Ciceronis de Republica is a republication of a volume which was lately printed in Italy, under the auspices of Pope Pope Pius the Seventh, from a manuscript discovered by M. Mai in the library of the Vatican. The circumstances under which this long-lost work of Cicero (if it be so) were discovered, are curious. The manuscript is a parchment codex, containing a Commentary of St. Augustin on the Psalms of David; and it seems this commentary was written upon the same parchment that had formerly been possessed by the de Republica. The ink, however, had been only partially discharged, and M. Mai recovered the work of the Roman orator from beneath the rubbish of the saint. Several of these palms, with their commentaries are wanting; and, unfortunately, their loss leaves many deficiencies in the book before us. That this is a genuine production of Cicero we are by no means certain. The style is Ciceronian; but it is well known that the monks of the middle ages amused themselves with forging histories and imitating the works of the ancient authors. The learned will, perhaps, enter deeply into a controversy on the subject; and to them we leave both the discussion and the result, for we will not pretend to "decide when doctors disagree." The French have already got it translated into their own language. The English are always more tardy in matters of classical literature. CAPTAIN ADAMS's Remarks on the Country extending from Cape Palmus to the River Congo is a plain unadorned narrative, written with judgment and bearing all the marks of authenticity. It appears that the chief object for which he then explored the western coast of Africa, was the selection of a place for colonization more fitted for the purposes of the African Society than Sierra Leone, the insalubrity of the climate of which is proverbial. The spot recommended by Capt. Adams for the scite of a new settlement is a trading town called Malemba, which lies midway between the iver Loanga Luiza and Cabenda Hook, and may be justly considered as the Montpelier of Western Africa. In the course of this coasting voyage Captain Adams made several excursions into the country, the topography of which, as well as the customs and manners of the inhabitants, he describes in a style that, though unambitions, is very accurate and appropriate. In another part of our work we have made some extracts from this inte. resting volume, and we therefore now lay it down with our hearty recommendation. Memorable Days in America, being a Journal of a Tour to the United States, by W. FAUX, an English Farmer, is a book published by subscription, containing a Journal of Observations made by the Author during his trip to the New World, including a period of time from the 16th December 1818, the day on which he paid 151. in part of his passage outwards, until the 21st July 1820, when he reimbarked for his native country. It is said in the titlepage, that the voyage was "principally undertaken to ascertain, by positive evidence, the condition and probable prospects of British emigrants." He returns with strong denunciations against that land of republicans; “ Finally,” says he, 66 were America, of which I now perhaps take my leave for ever, every thing that the purest patriotism could make it, yet the climate is an evil, a perpetual evil, a mighty drawback, an almost insurmountable obstacle, to the health, wealth, and well-being, of all, except the native red and black man, the genuine aboriginal, and the unstained African, for whom alone this land of promise, this vast section of the earth, this new and better world, seems by nature to have been intended. Otherwise, it is argued, would noisome pestilence annually desolate its cities and distric.s, and every where unsparingly and prematurely people the grave? This is only a small portion of the rhodomontade with which he concludes bis volume; and yet, notwithstanding all this, Mr. Faux was not disappointed, for his impressions were received before he sailed. He tells us in the outset, that he bade farewel to his good and venerable father, whom he never expected to see more, and tore himself from the embraces of his wife and of one dear and only child; that immediately on his arrival in London he called on Mr. Fearon, requesting letters to his friends. “No,” said he, “my book has destroyed them: you will confirm my reports." His sea-voyage is described as more horrible than the middle passage. The weather was stormy-he was sea-sick The sailors swore horribly, and paid no attention to the Lord's-day. The beef and porter were bad; and he anticipated nothing less than dying of hunger. At last, to the great joy of himself as well as of his captain, he got on-board another American vessel, which was returning from the South Sea. Here he became contented, crying out, "How merciful is the God on whom I called! for, instead of drowning, starving, or eating each other, I am living on the new and interesting luxuries of the east, &c." The whole of the volume is equally amusing, and contains many curious gossippings which he heard, as well as things which he saw with a jaundiced eye; but, with regard to any information that can be trusted to, it is totally out of the question. His going to America at all appeared to be a penance; during his stay he was afflicted with paralysis, which left hum immediately on his return. In short, we have nothing but the wanderings of a hypochondriac. We took up Hunter's Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indians of North America with a considerable degree of suspicion. A Young White Man escaping from a sa |