dug up. It is of fine ivory, except where slightly decomposed.

A second edition of Mr. HAMPER's Tract on Hoar-stones is printing.

GERMANY.

POLAND.

Mr. HARVEY, in a letter to Dr. BREWSTER, has enabled that gentleman to introduce into his valuable Journal an engraving of the house and chair of COPERNICUS. It appears

that this great astronomer and philosopher resided in the highest garret to the right.

Sa gloire charmait ma souffrance. Si je suis coupable d'erreur, Mes torts sont bien involontaires : Toutes les ver tus me sont chères; Elles se plaisent dans mon cœur; Je vois tous les hommes en frères; Pauvre et captif, je chante mon malheur, Opprimé, je plains l'oppresseur ;

Et les méchans ne chantent guères. vent his being loudly cheered by the Respect for the court did not preauditors. The judges could not, however, be moved, and they condemned M. de Pradel to be imprisoned six months, and to pay a fine of 1000 francs.

SWITZERLAND.

duced at Lausanne, in Switzerland, A machine has lately been introfor making bread, that is, for preparing the fermentation of the dough, which seems to deserve imitation in other countries. It is simply a deal box, a foot in breadth and height, and two feet in length, placed on supports, by which it is turned by a handle like the cylinder used for roasting coffee. One

side of the box opens with a hinge, to admit the dough, and the box is turned round. The time requisite to produce fermentation depends on the temperature of the air, the quickness of the turning, and other circumstances. But, when the operation is performed, it is known by the shrill hissing of the air making its escape, which generally happens in half an hour. The leaven is always extremely well raised; perhaps too much, sometimes. The labour is nothing, for the machine, such as this here described, may be turned by a child. No hooks, points, crossbars, or any other contrivance, can be wanted within the box, to break or separate the mass of dough; for these operations are sufficiently effected by the adhesion of the dough to the sides

of the box. If the machine be made of greater length, and divided by cross partitions at right angles to the sides, different kinds of dough may be prepared at the same time. One evident advantage of such a contrivance is, that bread, manufactured in this way, must be perfectly clean and free from any accidental soiling.

UNITED STATES.

The last letters state, that the sea serpent has at length been entangled, and killed, on the coast of New England. It measured forty feet in length, and was eighteen in circumference.

An American has discovered the principle of a new firelock, by which a soldier can fire fifteen charges, as fast as he can cock and pull the trigger.

CAPTAIN BROWN'S SUSPENSION BRIDGE ACROSS THE TWEED. (With an Engraving.)

T this day, the common mode of

Acrossing rivers and ravines if South America, and the inland territory of Hindostan, is by means of ropes of various kinds, stretched from side to side, on which a roadway is generally formed for the traveller and his equipage; though, in some instances, there is only a single rope, from which he is suspended in a basket, and drawn across, while his mule fords the stream, or clambers through the ravine. The earliest bridges of suspension of which we have any account, are those of China, said to be of great extent; Major Rennell also describes a bridge of this kind over the Sampoo in Hindostan, of about 600 feet in length. But the first chain-bridge in our own country, is believed to have been that of Winchbridge over the river Tees, forming a communication between the counties of Durham and York. In this miscellany, for January 1797, we inserted the specification of a patent, and a view of a suspension-bridge on a different plan, by Mr. Jordan, but we never heard of the adoption of his principle. It appears from a treatise on bridges by Mr. Thomas Pope, of New-York, that eight chain-bridges have been erected upon the catenarian or suspension principle, in different parts of America. He describes a bridge of this construction over the

river Merrimack, in Massachusets, consisting of a catenarian or suspended arch of 244 feet span. The road-way of this bridge is suspended between two abutments or towers of masonry, thirty-seven feet in height, on which piers of carpentry are erected, which are thirty-five feet in height. Over these ten chains are suspended, each measuring 516 feet in length, their ends being sunk into deep pits on both sides of the river, where they are secured by large stones. The bridge over the Merimack has two carriage ways, each of fifteen feet in breadth. It is also described as having three chains, which range along the sides, and four in the middle, or between the two roadways. The whole expence of this American work is estimated to have been 20,000 dollars, and the bridge calculated to support or carry about 500 tons.

The Union-bridge represented in the engraving across the river Tweed at Norham Ford, is about five miles from Berwick. It was begun in August 1819, and was opened in July 1820, while a stone-bridge would have been the work of about three years. The roadway is made of timber, on which iron cart-tracks are laid for the carriage wheels. It is eighteen feet in width, and 361 feet in length. The main beams or joisting measures fifteen inches in depth, and seven inches in thickness. The timber cleading or planks are twelve inches in breadth, and three inches in thickness. This

great

six feet in length, five feet in breadth, and five inches in thickness in the central parts; but towards the edge, they diminish in thickness to two and a half inches. The ends of the chains thus fixed, are loaded with mound-stones and earthy matters, to the level of the roadway of the bridge.

On the south side of the Tweed, the pillar or tower of masonry forming the abutment or point of suspension, is built upon a bench or foundation, excavated in the face of a precipitous sandstone rock, and is only about twenty feet in height, but its other dimensions correspond with the upper part of the masonry on the Scotch side. The chains on the English side are made to rest upon plates of cast-iron, included in the masonry, instead of rollers, as on the opposite side. Here the ballast-plates are of the same dimensions as those already described; but, instead of being sunk into the ground, as on the Scotch side, their position is rather above the foundation of the pillar, where they are set nearly perpendicular, but are placed so as to correspond with the direction of the strain or weight of the bridge. For the

greater security of the position of these ballast-plates on the English side, they are connected with a horizontal arch of masonry, which is dovetailed into the rock.

The whole works of the Unionbridge, for masonry, carpentry, and smithery, were undertaken by Captain Brown for the sum of about 50001., whilst the execution of a bridge of stone must have cost at least four times that sum. The object of its projector, says Mr. Stevenson, (from whose paper we abridge this article,) was not the realization even of the cost of this bridge, but chiefly with a view to shew the application of chain-cables to his favourite object of bridge-building. The trustees for this bridge have, however, presented Captain Brown with 1000 guineas since the completion of the work, over and above his estimated price.

Captain Brown is at present at Brighton, engaged in the erection of a chain pier, a work of very promising utility to the town, and of which we propose to give a view in our next.

OUR pages are not often devoted to the review of those articles of polemical divinity with which the press, in all seasons, teems; but we cannot refrain from noticing so important an addition to the literature of the country, as the highly valuable and learned work of the Rev. THOMAS BELSHAM, minister of Essexstreet Chapel, comprising the Epistles of Paul the Apostle, translated, with an Exposition and Notes. Of its author, we ought on every account to think and speak with the greatest respect. Throughout a long life, his exertions have been directed, with unwearied ardour, to the support of the most enlightened principles of civil and religious liberty; and, although many differ from him on points of speculative opinion, there are none, we are persuaded, who will not bear the testimony of their admiration for his talents, and respect for his virtues. The work before us is a suitable and honourable finish of the labours of such a mind; and, while it establishes, on a firm foundation, the literary reputation of its author, the circumstances under which it is published cannot but be highly gratifying to his personal feelings,

as a proof of the high value which so many individuals entertain for their instructor and friend. Whatever religious or literary feelings are brought to an attentive perusal of the Epistles of Paul, no mind can pass them over lightly; and they must ever be regarded as a singular literary phenomenon, an important branch of the history and evidences of revelation, and a striking picture of an original and singularly-gifted mind. Mr. Belsham is of that school of critics on the writings of the Apostle of which Mr. Locke was the founder, and which is graced by many illustrious names. With them, the first endeavour has been to place the authority and extent of inspiration on rational and consistent principles. Their general conclusions are brought before the reader in Mr. Belsham's preliminary dissertation. Under their sanction, he contends that the Apostles themselves claim no plenary inspiration for their writings; and that it is the province of reason and sound judg. ment to investigate the analogies, argnments, and considerations by which the sacred writers sought to enforce and explain the doctrines which they had been commanded

commanded to preach. The preliminary dissertation states very perspicuously the particular circumstances which gave a cast to the ideas, a tinge to the language, and a peculiarity to the reasonings of the Apostle; from all which considerable difficulty has always been felt in a cursory perusal of his writings, particularly under the miserable disfigurement which they have sustained by being cut up into verses and chapters, often with a total disregard of all sense and connexion. As it is not, however, our province to examine in detail the execution of the great task which Mr. Belsham has proposed to himself, we must confine ourselves to stating, that what we have perused has satisfied us that his work is always ably performed, and that it cannot but furnish an invaluable addition to the library of every candid biblical enquirer. There is little with which the greater part of the enlightened members of our establishment (such, at any rate, as are inclined to follow in the steps of Locke, Law, Watson, and Paley,) would think it necessary to quarrel; and all must admire the ingenuity and zeal with which the author extracts and demonstrates, from the cursory and often obscure allusions of the apostolic letters, the authenticity of these writings, and the elain and admission of supernatural powers and anthorities; and from thence deduces his arguments for the truth and divine origin of the Christian revelation. The work is printed in two volumes quarto, for the author, and in four volumes octavo. Of Mr. O'MEARA'S Voice from St. Helexa we have spoken at large in the Supplment published this day, and have given such copious extracts as will recommend that Number to general perusal, and the work to the universal circulation which it merits. Of the perfect credibility of the editor no doubt can be entertained. His amiable character and superior moral qua. lities recommended him to the great man who honoured him with his confidence, and will always recommend him to those who know him. The only subject of surprise is, that a man of such mildness has had the courage to publish so many unpalatable things in the face of so much ma guity in power. Two impotent attacks have however been made on him,-one by the reformed Times Newspaper, which foolishly identifies itself, in its present worthy career, with the infamous Times of seven years ago, which so palpably lent itself to the gratification of public and private malignity, and whose best apology would be its corruption; and another, in which Mr. O'Meara is charged with reechoing facts which appeared in two former works, but of which, as we know, he was himself the publisher. It is now deeply to be lamented, that the eyes of the world are opened when, alas! convic

tion is too late to serve the victim of lowminded policy.

From the elegant style in which A Guide to the Lakes of Killarney, by the Rev. G. N. WRIGHT, A.M. is written, and the beauty and feeling of the descriptive part, we have enjoyed much pleasure in its perusal. While modestly professing to be a mere guide to those romantic regions, it will be found a highly interesting companion in the closet. Indeed, the few beautiful and extremely spirited designs of George Petrie, esq. peculiarly adapt it for the latter situation. To the descriptive part of the work the author has very judiciously annexed directions for tourists, pointing out, according to the time they can devote to the surveying of these lakes, the course to be pursued, under any cir cumstances. So well are these plans arranged, that all the most striking points of view may be cursorily visited in one day only. It is a very common fault in works of this nature, that by digressing too far into antiquarian and historical researches, they are swelled beyond a portable size. This fault is here avoided, and this small volume presents us at once with a well-informed and faithful guide, and an interesting pocket companion.

We recommend to such of our readers as are attached to the study of natural history, a small volume just published, entitled the Naturalist's Guide for collecting and preserving all Subjects of Natural History und Botany, intended for the Use of Students and Travellers, by WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S. and I. S. The welldeserved reputation which Mr. Swainson has acquired by his ingenious publications, is of course a guarantee for the utility and excellence of a work like the present; to which the experience which the author has had in foreign countries, and his long application to the practice of preserving objects of natural history, give additional value. The zeal which he displays for the promotion of the useful studies to which he is so much attached, is highly commendable. The two lithographic plates which illustrate this little tract are exceedingly well executed.

Mr. T. HALLIDAY, of Edgbaston, has invented and published a box of Numerical Games, admirably adapted to the use of preparatory schools, of mothers who instruct their own children, and of ladies' schools in general. It is in the form of a toy, but one of the most useful toys which we remember to have seen. It renders obvious the principles and practice of the first rules of arithmetic, and extends them, with great simplicity and ingenuity, to their complex applications. In fact, it seduces children into an essential branch of knowledge, which, as commonly taught, is forbidding and irksome, and would have been regarded by the late Mr. Edgeworth

as