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Prima est: verbum fortius, in quo augmenti accessio anapastum facit, in principio versus positum, addi augmentum postulat: ἐγένοντο Λήδᾳ Θεστιάδι τρεῖς παρθένοι.

Secunda verbum fortius, in quo augmenti accessio non facit anapæstum, in principio versus positum, carere potest augmento: σίγησε δ' αιθήρ

κτύπησε μὲν Ζεὺς χθόνιος

παίοντ ̓, ἔθραυον

πίπτον δ ̓ ἐπ ̓ ἀλλήλοισιν.

Tertia ejusdemmodi verbum, si incipit sententiam, videtur etiam in medio versu carere augmento posse: quale foret illud, ea, qua, supra dictum est, conditione:

γυμνοῦντο δὲ

πλευραὶ σπαραγμοῖς.

Quarta: verbum minus forte, sive facit augmenti accessio anapæstum, sive non facit, in principio versus positum, si ultra primum pedem porrigitur, caret augmento: yoãтo' Owüžεv.

Quinta ejusdemmodi verbum si non ultra primum pedem porrigitur, ut detracto augmento parum numerosum, aut vitatur, ut κάνες, aut cum alia forma commutatur, ut κάλει cum καλεῖ. Hermann Præfat. ad Bacch. pp. 1-lv.

6. Adjectiva composita in oç.

Omnia adjectiva composita, et in os terminata, apud antiquissimos Græcos per tria genera declinabantur: ámópontos, ἀπορθήτη, ἀπόρθητον. Femininas formas, cum jam paulatim obsolevissent, Poetæ et Attici, vel ornatus vel varietatis ergo, subinde revocabant. Porson ad Med. 822.

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In tironum gratiam observandum est, hac forma, ea nempe, ubi úw pro vu in fine verbi ponitur, nunquam uti Tragicos, rarissime veteres Comicos; sæpius mediæ, sæpissime novæ Comœdiæ poetas. Paulatim et parce adhiberi cœpta est sub mediam fere Aristophanis ætatem; tantum enim occurrit ouvún

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Av. 1611. σvμrapaμuyvówv in ultima ejus fabula, Pluto 719.
Cetera loca, ubi usurpari videtur, aut emendata sunt, aut
emendanda.
Porson ad Med. 744.

8. Μνησθήσομαι et Μεμνήσομαι.

Hac forma hujus verbi, ab Homero etiam adhibita, Iliad X. 390, semper utuntur Tragici, illa nunquam. Idem dici potest de κληθήσομαι et κεκλήσομαι. Sed βληθήσομαι et βεβλήσομαι Porson ad Med. 929. promiscue usurpant.

9. Οὐκοῦν-οὔκουν.

Discrimen quod inter ovкouv et oйkovv statuunt grammatici, verissimum est, si Plutarchi aut Luciani scripta pro veræ Græcitatis norma accipiantur. Apud veteres Atticos utraque particula semper propriam suam significationem servat. Ego ubique ouk ovv scribo, adhibita, prout opus est, vel omissa interrogatione. Elmsley ad Heracl. v. 256. (Cf. Donalds. Gr. Gr. 535.)

10.

Multa sunt nomina, quæ, cum in singulari masculina tantum aut feminina sint, in plurali neutra fiunt, ut Sippos, Sippa, κύκλος, κύκλα, κέλευθος, κέλευθα, δεσμός, δεσμά, σίτος, σίτα. Vid. Musgravium ad Hel. 428. Porson ad Med. 494.

II.

SYNTAX.

A SKETCH OF THE PRINCIPAL USAGES OF THE
MIDDLE VOICE OF THE GREEK VERB,

WHEN ITS SIGNIFICATION IS STRICTLY OBSERVED.

Qui bene dividit, bene docet.

THE first four may be called usages of reflexive: the fifth the usage of reciprocal signification.

I. Where A does the act on himself or on what belongs to himself, i. e. is the object of his own action.

1. 'Aπýуžaro, he hanged himself.

2. Ὤιμωξεν δ' ὁ γέρων, κεφαλὴν δ ̓ ὅγε κόψατο χερσίν.

Iliad. X. 33.

II. Where A does the act on some other object M, relatively to himself (in the sense of the dative case put acquisitively), and not for another person B.

1. Α κατεστρέψατο τὸν Μῆδον.

He made the Persian subject, or subdued him, to himself. Α κατέστρεψε τον Μῆδον τῷ Β, res prorsus alia.

2. To this usage belongs the following:

Koivý awσáμevoι Tòv Bápßapov. Thucyd. 1. 18, et similia.

III. Where A gets an act done for himself, or for those belonging to him by B.

1. Of Chryses it is said, Avoóμevos Oúyarpa, to get his daughter released by Agamemnon, on the payment of a ransom, that is, briefly, to ransom his daughter.

Whereas of Agamemnon it is said, Οὐδ ̓ ἀπέλυσε θύγατρα, sc. TO Xpúon. He did not grant the release, he did not release her.

So too Chryses to the Greeks, Παῖδα δ' ἐμοὶ λύσαιτε φίλην.

Το this head may be appended, διδάξασθαι τὸν υἱόν, to get one's son instructed. Euripides has said, with a double idiom, Medea, v. 297, παῖδας περισσῶς ἐκδιδάσκεσθαι σοφούς.

2. Δανείζω, to give a loan, to lend, as A to Β.

Δανείζομαι, to get a loan, to borrow, as A from B.

So too in the epigram, χρήσας, having lent : χρησάμενος, having borrowed.

Ανέρα τις λιπογυιον ὑπὲρ νώτοιο λιπαυγὴς

Ηγε, πόδας χρήσας, ὄμματα χρησάμενος.

Again, χρῆσαι, to utter a response: χρήσασθαι, to seek a response, to consult an oracle.

IV. Where, in such verbs as κόπτομαι, lugeo, σεύομαι, τίλλομαι, &c. the direct action is done by A on himself, but an accusative or other case follows of B, whom that action further regards.

εἴπερ ἂν αὐτὸν

Σεύωνται ταχέες τε κύνες, κ. τ. λ. Iliad. Γ. 25.
Although fleet dogs stir themselves in pursuit of him.

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Πρῶται τόν γ ̓ ἄλοχός τε φίλη καὶ πότνια μήτηρ
Τιλλέσθην. Ω. 710, 11.

Tore their hair in mourning over him.

But κείρομαι is differently used. Bion has κειράμενοι χαίτας ἐπ' 'Αδώνιδι, not "Αδωνιν.

Το this class belong φυλάττω and φυλάττομαι.

Φυλάξαι τὸν παῖδα.—φυλάξασθαι τὸν λέοντα.

And so too the following:

Ὣς εἰπών, οὗ παιδὸς ὀρέξατο φαίδιμος Εκτωρ.
Stretched out his arms to receive his son.

Thus far the reflexive uses: now the reciprocal use.

V. Where the action is reciprocal betwixt two persons or parties, and A does to B what B does to A.

As in verbs of contract, quarrel, war, reconciliation, and the like:

"Ews av diaλvowμeða тòv tóλeμov. Demosth. Philip. A. § 6.— Till we shall have put an end to the war in which we are engaged with Philip, by treaty mutually agreed upon.

In a very different sense, as follows, is diaduoaι used:

Παρήνει δὲ ('Αλκιβιάδης) καὶ τῷ Τισσαφέρνῃ μὴ ἄγαν ἐπείγεσθαι TÒV TÓλEμOV diaduσai. Thucyd. VIII. § 46.—To be in no hurry to put an end to the war between the two conflicting parties in Greece.

Remark. Though on some occasions the active voice is Remark.-Though used where the middle would be proper, that is, where the act is denoted without relation to the agent, though there does exist a middle verb so to denote it, yet where the two voices exist in actual use, the middle denoting the action relatively to the agent, as in No. II., is very seldom, if ever, in pure Attic used to denote the action when it regards another person. E. g. Ἱστάναι τρόπαιον may be said of an army who erect their own trophy; for it is true, as far as it goes-they do erect a trophy. But ἐστήσατο τρόπαιον cannot be said of him who erected a trophy for others, but tornaev only.

Mus. Crit. No. I. pp. 102-104.

ADDENDA. 1836.

The following remarks are offered as a contribution towards rendering the sketch here given somewhat more complete.

(a) Verbum TúжTоμаι videtur ex tribus elementis conflatum eam primitus habuisse naturam, quam lingua Anglicana sic effert simpliciter, I STRIKE ME; deinde in eum usum abiisse, ut significaret, I GET A BLOW, i. e. not GIVE ONE; denique sumsisse vim pure passivam.

Hanc conjecturam confirmat Latinæ linguæ ratio; quæ apud poetas certe verba passiva cum vocibus vi mediâ præditis passim permutat.

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