adulterated articles, is punishable by fine of not over $1,000 or imprisonment not over 1 year. (Ibid., sec. 7.)

Maple sugar.-No person shall manufacture or sell as maple sugar or syrup any article in imitation of pure maple sugar or syrup. Penalty, $25 to $100, or not over 30 days' imprisonment, or both. (Laws of 1895, ch. 118.)

Eggs. It is unlawful to sell eggs that have been in cold storage, or limed, or that have been preserved in any manner, without notice to the purchaser. Penalty, fine not over $100 or imprisonment not over 30 days. (Laws of 1895, ch. 99.) Wheat meal.-No person shall manufacture, or sell, under the name of wheat meal, graham meal, or graham flour, any substance which is in imitation of pure wheat meal, not consisting exclusively of pure wheat meal, unless every package or wrapper bears, in letters one-half inch long, the words "compound wheat meal." Penalty, $50. (Laws of 1889, ch. 257.)

Candy.-It is unlawful to manufacture or sell candy adulterated with terra alba or other mineral substances, or with poisonous colors or flavors, or other ingredients injurious to health, or candy containing brandy, whisky, or other alcoholic liquors in liquid form. Penalty, $50 to $100 and forfeiture of adulterated candy. It is the duty of prosecuting attorneys to enforce the law. (Laws of 1895, ch. 71.)

Lard. The law prohibits the manufacture or sale of any compound not made from pure fat of swine under the label "pure," "refined," or "family," or unless every package is marked "compound lard" in letters half an inch long. (Laws of 1889, ch. 244.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk. The law prohibits the sale of milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added, or of milk from diseased cows or from cows fed upon brewery or distillery waste or other deleterious substance. Milk from which cream has been taken must not be sold as pure. The milk standard is 124 per cent of solids, including 3 per cent of fat.

Cities and towns shall annually appoint one or more milk inspectors, who shall inspect milk and take samples. Each inspector shall leave with the owner a sealed specimen of the milk of which he takes a sample.

Penalty for violation, $20 for first offense and $50 for subsequent offenses. (Rev. Stats., ch. 38, secs. 44-47, as amended by Laws of 1893, ch. 255, and Laws of 1897, ch. 292.)

It is unlawful for any person to hold for sale the meat or milk of any animal affected with tuberculosis or any other contagious diseases. Penalty, $5 to $50. If local boards of health suspect the existence of such disease they shall notify the State cattle commissioner. It is the duty of the owner of a diseased animal to notify the local board of health. (Laws of 1895, ch. 144.)

Imitation butter and cheese.-The law forbids the manufacture or sale of any article or compound, in imitation of yellow butter or cheese, not made exclusively from milk or cream. Penalty, $200, one-third going to the complainant. Inspectors of milk and similar officers must enforce the law. (Rev. Stats., ch. 128, sec. 3, as amended by Laws of 1895, ch. 143.)

MARYLAND.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Unwholesome food. No person shall sell diseased or unwholesome provisions of any kind for food. The act does not apply to green fruits or vegetables which spoil in transit. Penalty, not over $500 or 1 year's imprisonment, or both.

Adulterated food.-No person shall mix or stain an article of food or drink with any other ingredient, or offer such an adulterated article for sale, unless its true name and the fact of such mixture be marked or stamped on each package, and unless each purchaser is notified of its character. If oleomargarine, lard, glucose, or other adulterants be mixed with any article, the package shall be marked with the name and percentage of the adulterant used. Persons purchasing such articles must be informed by the seller as to the true composition.

Glucose.—It is unlawful to mix glucose, grape sugar, or other adulterants with sugar, honey, or syrup; but such articles may be used in manufacturing candy. Candy. The law prohibits the manufacture or sale of candy adulterated with terra alba or other poisonous drugs or narcotics. Penalty, $50 to $500 for the first offense; $500 to $1,000 for the second offense; one-half to go to the informant. Persons injured by the sale of such candy may recover damages. Another law

makes it unlawful to adulterate candy or cakes with any injurious ingredient. Penalty, $50 to $500. (Laws of 1890, ch. 317; Public General Laws, art. 27, secs. 137, 138.)

Liquors and vinegar.-No person shall adulterate vinegar, wine, malt, or spiritous liquors with any injurious drug or substance, or shall sell such adulterated articles knowingly.

Penalty for violation of any of the provisions in the above paragraphs, a fine of not over $500 or imprisonment not over 1 year.

Enforcement.-The State board of health is charged with the enforcement of the above provisions and is directed to take such steps as it deems necessary for that purpose.

Any officer designated by the board may at any reasonable time inspect articles of food exposed for sale and take samples. Whenever the board is satisfied that an article has been adulterated, it may prohibit its sale, or may destroy or otherwise dispose of it. The prosecuting attorney is bound to prosecute complaints under the law. Two thousand five hundred dollars is annually appropriated for enforcing the law.

(Laws of 1890, ch. 604; Public General Laws, art. 43, secs. 48–57.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk.-A statute of 1900 prohibits the sale of milk which is adulterated or unwholesome, or the milk of a cow within 10 days before or 5 days after parturition, or from a sick cow, or from one fed on garbage or any substance in a state of fermentation or otherwise producing unwholesome milk, or from cows stabled near a house where there is infectious disease. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent milk solids, including 3.5 per cent butter fats. Skimmed milk may be sold only from cans so marked with letters 1 inch square. The use of chemical preservatives is specially prohibited. Penalty, not over $100 or imprisonment not over 60 days, or both. (Laws of 1900, ch. 459.)

Imitation butter.-No person shall manufacture or sell any compound in imitation of yellow butter which is not produced wholly from pure milk or cream. Oleomargarine may be manufactured and sold in separate form, in such manner as to advise the consumer of its character, free from coloration or ingredients causing it to look like butter.

Persons selling oleomargarine must maintain a conspicuous sign to that effect. Hotel and boarding-house keepers, etc., and officers of public or private hospitals, schools, and penal institutions, using imitation butter, must maintain a sign to that effect, and must notify each guest or inmate orally. It is unlawful to sell an imitation to any person asking for butter. Various penalties are imposed for violation of this law. (Laws of 1900, ch. 496.)

Condensed milk.-No condensed milk shall be manufactured or sold unless it is made from pure and wholesome milk, from which no cream has been removed, and which conforms to the milk standard. The name of the manufacturer must be marked on each package.

Penalty, $25 to $100 or imprisonment 10 to 30 days for first offense, and higher penalties for subsequent offenses. (Laws of 1900, ch. 532.)

MASSACHUSETTS.

Adulteration of foods. The adulteration of any article of food or of any drug or the sale of such adulterated articles is prohibited. A drug is deemed adulterated if it differs in strength or purity from the standard fixed by the United States Pharmacopoeia, or by such other pharmacopoeia or standard work as recognizes the article, or if its strength or purity falls below the professed standard under which it is sold. Food is deemed adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to injure its quality or strength; if any inferior substance has been substituted in it; if any valuable constituent has been taken from it; if it is an imitation; if it contains diseased or decomposed animal or vegetable matter; if it is colored or otherwise made to appear better than it really is, or if it contains any added poisonous ingredient or ingredient injurious to health. Mixtures or compounds recognized as ordinary articles of food or drink may be sold if not injurious to health, and if distinctly labeled as such, with the names and percentages of the ingredients.

Penalty for violation as regards foods, $10 to $100 for venders and $100 to $500 for manufacturers. (The law relating to foods is found in Laws of 1897, ch. 344; that relating to drugs is Laws of 1896, ch. 397.)

Unwholesome food.-It is unlawful to sell diseased or unwholesome provisions without making the fact fully known to the buyer. Penalty, not over $200 or imprisonment not over 6 months. The law also prohibits the killing or the sale of the flesh of a calf under 4 weeks old, with the same penalty. (Public Statutes, 1882, ch. 208.)

Enforcement.-The State board of health, lunacy, and charity is to enforce the pure-food law. It may exempt articles, from time to time, from the provisions of the law, and may fix the limits of variability of any article not otherwise prescribed. It may appoint inspectors and chemists. Its officers have the usual powers of taking samples. (Laws of 1882, ch. 263.)

Adulteration of liquors.-A special provision prohibits the adulteration of liquors with certain enumerated drugs or other substances injurious to health. Penalty, imprisonment not over 3 years. (Public Statutes, 1882, ch. 208, sec. 4.) Canned goods.-All canned goods must be distinctly marked with the name and address of the packer or dealer, and with the grade or quality. "Soaked" goods must be marked as such in letter not less than 2-line pica size. Penalty same as for foods generally. (Laws of 1897, ch. 344.)

Maple sirup and molasses.-All packages or cans containing maple sirup or molasses shall be marked with the name of the person preparing it, and the name and quality of the ingredients. (Ibid.)

Lard. The law provides that the words "pure, ‚""refined," "family" shall not be used in connection with the label on any lard which is adulterated with foreign fat or on any lard substitute, and every such article shall bear in prescribed type the label "compound lard." Violators of the act are punishable by fine. (Laws of 1887, ch. 449.)

Impure ice.-Cities are authorized to make ordinances to prevent the sale of impure ice. (Laws of 1895, ch. 338.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

State dairy bureau.-The governor appoints 3 members of the State board of agriculture to constitute a State dairy bureau; also an assistant to the secretary of agriculture to assist in enforcing the law. The secretary is the executive officer. The bureau may spend not over $4,000 yearly in enforcing the laws relating to dairy products. Its officers have the usual rights of access and inspection of dairy products. (Laws of 1891, ch. 412.)

Milk.-Cities and towns may appoint milk inspectors. They shall record the names and places of business of all persons selling or delivering milk, and issue licenses to them. Each wagon must have the number of license, name, and place of business conspicuously posted. Each seller of milk from a store or booth must also be registered.

It is unlawful to sell milk adulterated with water or any other foreign substance, or milk from cows fed on refuse of distilleries, or from diseased cows. Skimmed milk may be sold only if the words "skimmed milk" be distinctly marked in letters not less than 1 inch long on each can or vessel.

Pure milk must contain at least 9.3 per cent of milk solids exclusive of fat, and 3.7 per cent of fat, except during the months from June to August, inclusive, when the respective standards are 9 and 3 per cent. Skimmed milk must contain at least 9.3 per cent of milk solids.

Penalty for violation of law, first offense, $50 to $200; second offense, $100 to $300, or imprisonment not less than 60 days; subsequent offenses, $50 and imprisonment 60 to 90 days.

Inspectors of milk have the right to enter any premises where milk is sold and to take samples. They must give a sealed portion of each sample taken to the person in charge. No person except an authorized inspector is entitled to demand a sample for analysis. (Public Statutes, ch. 57, as amended by Laws of 1884, ch. 310; Laws of 1885, ch. 352; Laws of 1886, ch. 318; Laws of 1894, ch. 425; Laws of 1896, ch. 398.)

Condensed milk.-No person shall sell hermetically sealed cans of condensed milk unless they be distinctly labeled with the name of the manufacturer and with the true contents of the can, whether condensed pure milk or condensed skimmed milk. Packages not hermetically sealed must be labeled with the name of the manufacturer. Penalty same as for the adulteration of milk. (Laws of 1896, ch. 264.)

Imitation butter. The laws prohibit the manufacture or sale of any compound in imitation of yellow butter which is not produced from pure milk or cream, provided that oleomargarine may be sold in separate form, in such manner as will advise the consumer of its character, free from coloration or ingredient causing it to look like butter.

Other provisions declare that any substance in imitation of butter not made exclusively of milk or cream must be labeled "imitation butter," oleomargarine," or "butterine" in letters not less than one-half inch long, upon the top, side, and bottom of every package. A similar label must be placed across the open surface of every package when offered for sale. Retail sales of such articles not in the original packages must be labeled in letters not less than one-half inch long. Every person selling or delivering these imitations from a vehicle must obtain a license from the local milk inspector, and must have his name and place of business, with the number of his license and the words "license to sell imitation butter," conspicuously upon each vehicle. Every person selling such articles from a booth or store must register his name in the books of the milk inspector, and must maintain a sign, in letters not less than 4 inches long, to the effect that imitation butter is sold. Hotel and boarding-house keepers using imitation butter must notify each guest that the article is not genuine.

Oleomargarine shall not be furnished to any persons asking for butter. The penalties for violation of these various provisions differ. The most common penalty is $100 fine for first offense and $200 for subsequent offenses.

The enforcement of the law is charged upon the local milk inspectors and upon the State dairy bureau and its agents. (Public Statutes, ch. 56, secs. 17–21, as amended and supplemented by Laws of 1884, ch. 310; Laws of 1886, ch. 317; Laws of 1891, ch. 58 and ch. 412; Laws of 1894, ch. 280, and Laws of 1896, ch. 377.)

Imitation cheese.-It is unlawful to sell any article in imitation of cheese and not made of pure milk or cream, unless it is distinctly labeled, in letters not less than 1 inch long upon the top and side of every package, "imitation cheese." Each retail purchaser must be given a label with the same words in letters not less than half an inch long. (Public Statutes, ch. 56, sec. 18,)

MICHIGAN.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Dairy and food commissioner.-The governor appoints a dairy and food commissioner who holds office for 2 years and is paid $1,200 annually. The commissioner appoints a deputy, an analyst, and not more than six inspectors. These various officers are directed to enforce the pure-food laws, and have power to enter any place where articles of food are made or sold, and to take samples. Samples shall be taken in the presence of at least one witness, and sealed. An annual appropriation of $18,000 is made for carrying out this law. (Laws of 1893, ch. 211, as amended by Laws of 1895, ch. 245, and Laws of 1897, ch. 154.)

Adulteration of food and drugs.-The adulteration of any article of food or the sale of such adulterated articles is prohibited. Food is deemed adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to injure its quality or strength; if any inferior substance has been substituted in it; if any valuable constituent has been taken from it; if it is an imitation; if it contains diseased or decomposed animal or vegetable matter or is the product of a diseased animal; if it is colored or otherwise made to appear better than it really is; or if it contains any added poisonous ingredient or ingredient injurious to health. The act does not prevent the sale of mixtures or compounds recognized as ordinary articles, provided each package bears the name and address of the manufacturer and the distinctive name of the article showing clearly that it is a compound. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193; as amended by Laws of 1897, ch. 118.)

Vinegar.-No vinegar shall be sold as cider vinegar which is not the legitimate product of pure apple juice or which contains less than 2 per cent of cider vinegar solids. All vinegar shall be made exclusively from the fruit or grain from which it purports to be made, and shall contain not less than 4 per cent of absolute acetic acid. Cider vinegar shall be branded as such, with the name and residence of the manufacturer. Vinegar made by fermentation without distillation shall be branded "fermented vinegar," with the name of the substance from which it is made. Vinegar made wholly or in part from distilled liquor shall be branded "distilled vinegar," and shall be free from coloring matter. Fermented vinegar must contain not less than 14 per cent of solids contained in the fruit or grain from which it is taken. No vinegar shall be branded a fruit vinegar unless made wholly from fruit.

No person shall manufacture or sell vinegar containing lead, sulphuric acid, or other injurious ingredients. All packages containing vinegar shall be branded with the name and residence of the manufacturer. Penalty, $50 to $100, or imprisonment not over 90 days, or both. (Laws of 1897, ch. 71.)

Liquors. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell spirituous or malt liquors containing any injurious or abnormal ingredient. Every package containing pure

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liquors shall be branded with the name of the manufacturer and with the words “pure, without drugs or poison." Penalty, $50 to $500 and imprisonment 10 days to 6 months. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193, sec. 16.)

Glucose.-Every package containing molasses, sirup, or glucose shall be distinctly branded with its true name. Molasses or sirup mixed with glucose shall be branded "glucose mixture," with the proportion of glucose contained, in letters not less than one-half inch long. (Ibid., sec. 15.)

Maple sugar.-It is unlawful to manufacture and sell as maple sugar or sirup any article adulterated with common sugar, glucose, or any foreign substance without distinctly marking it with the names and percentages of the adulterants used. Penalty, $500 to $1,000 for manufacturers, and not less than $50 for dealers. The State food commissioner is directed to enforce the law and has the usual powers of inspection. (Laws of 1893, p. 269.)

Adulterated candy.-The manufacture or sale of candies adulterated with terra alba, barytes, talc, or other earthy substances, or with poisonous colorations or flavors or other injurious ingredients, is punishable by a fine of $10 to $100, or by imprisonment 10 to 30 days, or both. The local health officers must investigate any complaint as to violation of the law. (Laws of 1887, p. 9.)

Canned goods.-It is unlawful to pack or sell canned fruits or vegetables containing injurious ingredients without marking on each can the name and address of the packer. All soaked or bleached goods must be plainly marked as such in letters not less than two-line pica size. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193, sec. 14.)

Buckwheat flour.-Michigan prohibits the sale as buckwheat flour of adulterated buckwheat flour or other substances, except when labeled "substitute," "adulterated," or "compound," in prescribed type with the name and address of the factory. Violators of the act are subject to fine or imprisonment, or both. (Laws of 1897, ch. 84.)

Coffee. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell artificial coffee in imitation of the genuine berry; or ground coffee adulterated with chicory or other substances, unless each package is marked "coffee compound," with the name and address of the manufacturer. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193, sec. 15.)

Adulterated lard.-No person shall manufacture or sell any mixture of animal or vegetable oils, other than pure fat of swine, in imitation of lard, or any compound of lard with such other substances, unless each package shall be distinctly labeled "lard substitute" or "compound" or "adulterated lard," as the case may be, in letters not less than 1 inch long. Each package sold at retail shall be similarly labeled. (Ibid., secs. 9-12.)

Fruit jelly.-All imitations of fruit jelly or fruit butter containing glucose dextrin, or other substances, and colored in imitation of the genuine article, must be distinctly labeled "imitation fruit jelly" (or butter), with the name of the manufacturer and the place where made. Such imitations must also be composed of harmless ingredients. Penalty, $50 to $500 or imprisonment 90 days to 2 years, or both. (Ibid., sec. 13.)

Penalties. Where other penalties are not provided for violation of the above provisions, the false branding of any article or the defacement or removal of a brand is subject to a fine of $100 to $1,000 or to imprisonment 6 months to 3 years, or both. Other violations of the law are subject to fine of $100 to $500 or imprisonment 30 to 90 days, or both. (Ibid., secs. 18, 19.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk. The law prohibits the sale of milk which is adulterated or unwholesome, or milk from cows fed upon garbage or any substance in a state of fermentation or otherwise deleterious, or from cows kept in connection with any family in which there are contagious diseases. It is unlawful to sell milk from which cream has been removed unless each vessel containing it be conspicuously marked "skimmed milk," in letters not less than 1 inch long. Pure milk must contain not less than 12.5 per cent of milk solids, including not less than 3 per cent of fat, and must have a specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033. Skimmed milk must have a specific gravity between 1.032 and 1.037. Penalty for violation, fine not over $100 or imprisonment not over 3 months.

The city of Detroit shall establish, and each other city or town may establish, the office of milk inspector. Such inspectors shall visit all dairies and barns in which cattle are kept for furnishing milk, and shall otherwise enforce the law. They have the right to enter any premises and to take samples for analysis. (Laws of 1887, p. 324, as amended by Laws of 1889, p. 324.)

A later law prohibits the adulteration of milk with water, chemicals, and preservatives, or any other foreign substance. Penalty, $1 to $100 or imprisonment not more than 90 days, or both. (Laws of 1899, ch. 106.)