Social Stratification in Rural Kumaon

accepted acquire administrative adopted agricultural artisan assigned associated Atkinson Baman basis became become belonging Bhal-Baman Bith Brahmin British caste Chand changes Chauthani claim clan collected consequences continued cultivators depending differentiated distinctions dominance effect enjoyed equal existed fact factors followed formal former functions give given grants Gurkha hand held hereditary hierarchy higher Hindu immigrant important included individuals inferior Jimdar kaini Katyuri khaikar Khasi Khasi-Jimdar Kshatriya Kshettri Kumaon labour lack land latter lineage maintain marriage means menial occupational origin Pachbiri perform persons physical Pitali political and economic political power polluting position practice present prestige privileges Rajbar rank referred regard region relations relationship relatively religious remained ritual roles rule secure slaves social society status stratification structure sub-caste superiority tenants Thul-jat tion traditional traditionally varna village