Mr. Cathro of Michigan spoke of the great difficulty in particularly guarding the saws of shingle mills, which he designated as "butcher shops," which provoked considerable merriment and led to an instructive debate upon the subject. Mr. Cathro handled the matter very nicely, and gave some of his experiences in the inspection of the mills of Northern Michigan. He recited one instance where one of the mill owners had doubted that there was any great danger in operating his machinery, and by arrangement the inspector had several of the operators of machinery (both men and boys) stop at the office on their way out for dinner. Here he asked them to hold up their hands, when it was discovered that five of them were minus from one to three and more fingers. Mr. Cathro then asked the proprietor to hold up his hands, when it was discovered that one thumb and two fingers were gone. The argument was conclusive and the inspector reports that he now has the co-operation of that employer and others in the vicinity where the story is known.

Mr. Guyon of Montreal said that in the province of Quebec it is not so much a matter of finding means for proper guarding as it was to find someone who would interest themselves in the manufacturing of such devices. He said they had experienced great trouble in getting anyone to manufacture what devices had been invented to aid in guarding various dangerous machinery and belts. Mr. Guyon then described various means and methods they had for taking care of belts in line with his paper on that subject. Referring particularly to the improved methods used in France and Germany, introduced by the association for the prevention of accidents, located at Muhanse. Mr. Eikhoff of Michigan believed that in a general way we were further advanced in the matter of belting and guarding machinery than our neighbors of the provinces.

Mr. Cox of Michigan stated that section 8 of our factory inspection laws was now quite sufficient as a matter of law, but that we were looking for improved means for guarding both saws and belts.

Mr. McLean of Connecticut spoke on the question of boiler inspection and insurance in their state, and said that the inspection fee had been reduced to $3 on boilers less than 10 horse power capacity. He stated that the boiler inspection department was a separate department from the inspection of factories. He stated that all stationary boilers not insured and inspected by a steam boiler inspection company were subject to an inspection by the state boiler inspectors. He said that the fees for state inspector on boilers had been changed from $5 to $2 on boilers less than 10 horse-power, except those used in farming. He asked if there was any other state where the inspection of portable boilers used for farm purposes was required by law.

Statistics show that there are more explosions and accidents from this class of boilers than any other, as they are left out doors sometimes a great portion of the year, and everyone can run one, and the water in some localities will soon spoil a boiler.

Mr. Mitchell of Montreal stated that boiler inspection laws of his province had been materially interfered with and delayed by those using and interested in boilers for agriculture, cheese and butter factories.

Hon. John J. Cathro of Michigan spoke briefly on the question of boiler explosions and boiler inspections, and recommended that competent men be the only ones allowed in charge of boilers.

Mr. Brown of Toronto dwelt particularly on their "Workman's Compensation Act," which allows any injured employe to sue and recover even large damages where machinery has not been guarded as required by law. He recited one instance where employer had set up the defense that it was practically impossible to cover and guard that particular part of machinery that had caused the accident, and proved that as a general thing the complained of part of machinery was not guarded. Mr. Brown stated that his department proved that in one instance a similar piece of machinery had been guarded as required by law, and without hesitation the judge gave the workman $1,000.00 damages, and said that it had been shown that it could have been guarded. He stated that Lord Salsbury had recently been quoted as having said "That where the interests of capital interfered with human rights, it must give way in the name of humanity."

Mr. Mullin of Pennsylvania stated that a board of examiners would be necessary in the proper establishment of boiler inspections to investigate and inspect the capabilities of inspectors.

A lively little discussion sprang up in the convention over various causes of boiler explosions, in which varied opinions were expressed. Mr. Mullin holding that an explosion could not occur with water in the boiler, while others held that explosions had occurred with apparently plenty of water in the boiler.

CONVENTION PHOTOGRAPHED.

The convention then adjourned at five o'clock, and by pre-arrangement the entire body of delegates marched to the front steps and entrance of City Hall, where an elegant group picture of all the delegates in attendance was taken by Messrs. Hughes & Sarjeant of 242 Woodward Ave., photographers of the Convention League. Two views were taken, one with hats on and one with hats off. The

sittings were very pleasing to the photographers and fine pictures were taken, which can be secured on application to the address above given, at the rate of $1.50 for one single copy or $2.50 for both copies, to which should be added 15 cents for expressage.

THE TROLLEY PARTY.

Through the kindness of the Street Railway Company of Detroit, electric cars were in waiting on Woodward Avenue line in front of City Hall, and immediately after the photographers had finished their work the delegates in á body boarded the cars that were in waiting for them and the trolley ride was started under the direction of Chairman Cox of the committee on entertainment, at whose commands the train and men had been so kindly placed by the managers of the road. A seven miles trip was then taken to the resort known as Log Cabin Park, a beautiful place recently donated to the city of Detroit by Senator Thomas Palmer. After a few minutes rest at the cabin and a hurried examination of the curiosities and heirlooms of the Palmers for several generations, which are left there for safe keeping by the city and for the entertainment of the public, the excursion returned to the city and switching to the Jefferson Avenue line visited the wonderful and famous water works plant of the city of Detroit, which was greatly appreciated and hugely enjoyed by all, who were loud in their praises of this elegant institution and its beautiful grounds and floral decorations surrounding it.

At 7:30 the party returned to the transfer station and with appetites whetted by a hard days work and two and a half hours of sight seeing, hastened to their headquarters at the various hotels anxious to get to the supper tables that were in waiting for them.

THIRD DAYS' PROCEEDINGS-MORNING SESSION.

September Second-President Wade called the convention to order promptly at nine o'clock, immediately after which Joseph A. Moore of Massachusetts read the following paper upon ventilation in

SCHOOL HOUSES IN MASSACHUSETTS.

Mr. President and Members of the Convention-The last few years have marked a period of extensive change and improvements in the manner of constructing school buildings in Massachusetts. Many of us can remember the little low-studded one or two-room schoolhouse, with small windows and one door, heated by a large wood-burning stove near the front of the room and the old-fashioned wooden desks, with the seat of one built on the front of the other, the desks rising from the front, where the small pupils were seated, to the rear where "the large boys and girls" were located. In very cold weather, with the stove crowded full of wood, the children in the front seats near the stove would be suffering from the heat, while those in the rear would frequently raise a hand and say, "please can I go to the stove and get warm." When the air had become so vitiated that the teacher could no longer endure it, the windows or door, and perhaps both, were thrown open, the room filled with cold air and the pupils suddenly cooled to a point of shivering.

The one water bucket and tin dipper would serve to supply water for the whole school.

The outside, uncomfortable and often filthy sanitary building would be shunned by the pupils. These are now things of the past, and we look with feelings of just pride to the more modern buildings, well lighted, heated, ventilated and with latest and most improved sanitary appliances. Instead of some of the pupils being nearly roasted while others in the same room are shivering with cold, we find rooms where not a degree of difference of temperature will be shown by thermometers placed at the same time on the desks in the several parts of the room. Instead of cold and uncomfortable drafts from open windows and doors and air so vitiated that it was almost unbearable, we have a uniform supply of fresh warm air, without drafts, and where each pupil is receiving an amount of from thirty to fifty cubic feet per minute, and where a chemical test of its purity will show but a little more vitiation than in the outside air. These changes have not taken place suddenly or by adopting any special patented devices or apparatus. They have been gradually developed by experience derived from numerous failures and partial successes.

By rejecting schemes that have been found to be defective upon trial and gathering together the good points in the most successful work, the matter of heating, ventilation and sanitation in our schoolhouses has been brought to a stage where it does not depend upon guess work or erroneous theories

and it is now simply a question of using methods and apparatus that have been thoroughly tested by actual use. The inspection department of the Massachusetts district police has contributed much towards improving the condition of the pupils in the public schools. When the laws providing for proper ventilation of school and public buildings were first placed on the statute books and Chief Wade caused their enforcement, more or less opposition was met from committees and architects, caused more by want of information as to proper means and a dislike to break away from old methods and perhaps partly by failures of patented schemes which promised much more than could be realized by such methods, but as time passed the objections grew less and the public realized that good work could be done by proper methods.

Some cities and towns, in which the committees were opposed to the law and talked loudly about having it repealed, are now foremost in requiring the laws and the regulations of the inspection department to be complied with, especially in the construction of new schoolhouses, and architects and contractors are required to obtain the approval of the department before their plans will be accepted. The opposition to the law is now mostly confined to a few who desire to be recognized as experts, but whose work has been criticised and its defects shown to the public. Naturally such persons wish for a change in the law.

The old saying, you may fool all of the people some of the time, some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time," contains much truth.

As the public became educated to the necessity of providing good, fresh and properly warmed air for the pupils in the public schools and saw by object lessons how it could be done, the opposition nearly ceased and now it is but seldom that inspectors are required to resort to the courts to enforce a compliance with the law.

In planning a school building the means of egress in case of fire, ventilation, sanitation and light are important things to be considered and the plans should include them all before any contracts are made or work begun on the building. It is far easier to make changes on paper plans than in brick or wood work, much expense is saved and better results obtained, when the details are carefully studied and embodied into the original plans.

The location and size of the heat and vent flues, the size of furnaces, boilers and pipes, of fans and engines should all be worked out in detail. It is attention to details that often secure the best results.

Each building should be planned with reference to its size, use and location. Whether a mechanical or a gravity system, or a combination of the two, or whether furnaces or indirect steam are to be used, will depend considerably upon the size and class of building and the amount of money available for construction. In the larger buildings where rooms are located in a manner that will require air to be moved a considerable distance from the source of supply or to reach the main vent ducts, a mechanical system will be better than a gravity. In others, where the ducts can go straight to the rooms a combination of the mechanical and gravity, or a gravity system, can be used to good advantage. If a fan is used to force air into a room, means for causing an outflow of vitiated air through the vent ducts should always be provided. This may be accomplished either by a fan, or by steam pipes in the vent ducts.

If neither heat or mechanical means for causing an outflow of vitiated air is provided, the circulation of air in the room will not be good and when the