Rusty, v. 32, 'rusty blood,' i. e. rust-coloured; so in Chaucer, 620, the Reeve has 'a rusty blade,' the epithet reminding one of war and bloodshed, and not conveying any idea of disuse or neglect. Old Sax. rost; cp. Ger. rost; Wel. rhwd, from root rudh, to be red. Ruth, v. 9, pity, sorrow; Chaucer,

rewthe, formed from the O. Eng. to rewe, to pity, to suffer for; A. S. hreówan (impers.) to grieve. For noun forms in -th, see Earle, sect. 317.

S.

Sacred, viii. 35, accursed (ashes), i. e. ashes devoted to impious uses, namely to receive the blood of the slain (so Upton). Cp. Lat.

sacer.

Sad, iii. 10, firm, steady (for carrying a weight); i. 2; x. 7; xii. 5, 21, grave, sober (in face or attire); v. 20; xii. 22, tristis, sorrowful. For the meaning 'firm, steady' cp. Wiclif's version of Luke vi. 48, " it was foundid on a sad stoon,' (super petram. Vulg.).

Sake, v. 12, cause; cp. 'for my sake,' for my cause; so in the Cursor Mundi (A.D. 1320), 'for Herod's sak;' an older meaning was 'crime, guilt,' so in the Homilies, penanz for his sinful sac;' A. S. sacu, strife, war; sacan, to fight, contend, see Spec. E. Eng. (glossary); see forsake.

=

mann); O. N. saman, together; cp. A. S. samod. Sathan, iv. 36, Satan; Sathanas, Wiclif, Luke xxii. 3, Satanas (Vulgate); Gr. Zaravâs; Heb. Sâtân, adversary. Satyres, vi. 30, satyrs; Gr. σárupos, a sylvan being with pointed ears and goat's legs. Origin of Greek word unknown. In Lycidas, 34, Milton introduces the dance of 'rough Satyrs' amongst the other charms of rural life enjoyed by himself and friend.

Say, iv. 31, a stuff (woollen) to make cloaks (see Halliwell); say, clothe, Prompt. Parv.; Fr. saie, Sp. saya; Lat. saga, in Ennius, usually sagum, a military cloak; Diez, p. 280. Note that Fr. saie (=sagum) is not to be confused with Fr. soie (L. Lat. seta). Scarlot, ii. 13; scarlot red;' xii. 13, scarlet; O. Fr. escarlate, 12th céntury (Bartsch); from Pers. sakirlât; der. from Arab. Sikelia =Sicily? See Diez, p. 284. Scath, iv. 35; xii. 34, hurt, harm; Chaucer, 446, see also Stratmann. Cp. O. N. skaði, harm; Ger. schade.

Scowre, ii. 20, to run fast; see Nares.

Scryne, Introd. 2, case or chest for

keeping books; Lat. scrinium. Sead, x. 51, seed, posterity. Sease, xi. 38, to fasten; = seize, see disseized.

Seel, vii. 23 (eyes) seeled up,' deprived of sight; cp. Cotgrave: 'siller les yeux, to seele, or sow up, the eyelids,' also, ciller, cillier, in same sense, whence dessiller, to unseele, open the eyelids of; from cil, Lat. cilium, an eyelid (Pliny). See Nares.

Seely, vi. 10, innocent, harmless, silly, i. 30; ii. 21; Chaucer, sely, simple, good (frequently);

A. S. (ge)salig, happy, blessed. So in modern Ger. selig -happy, blessed, in heaven; hence of deceased persons, e. g. mein seliger Vater, my late father. For the ill-natured change of meaning which appears in the mod. silly, see Max Müller, Lect. ii. 273; Trench S. G.

Semblaunt, ii. 12, semblance, appearance; Fr. semblant (Cotgrave). Sent, i. 43, perception; sent the old spelling of scent, so in Cotgrave: 'odeur, an odor, sent, smell;' Fr. sentir. Shamefast, x. 15, modest; the word now absurdly misspelt shamefaced, see good note in Trench, Eng. Past and Pres. (s.v.); schamefast, Chaucer, 2057; A. S. scamfæst; for termination fæst cp. A. S. árfæst, honourable, sóðfæst, truthful; Sweet, lxxxvi. Shaume, xii. 13, a musical instrument said to resemble the clarionet, a wind instrument of the reed kind. The word occurs in the forms shalm, shalmie; from M. H. G. schalmie; from O. Fr. chalemie, chalemel, calamel (Bartsch), a reed-pipe; from Lat. calamus, a reed. In Ps. xcviii. 7 (P. B.V.) 'shawms'=' cornet' (A.V.) = tuba cornea (Vulg.) = Heb. shôphâr, cow's horn or ram's horn. Shew, iii. 10, mark, track. Shroud, i. 6, to get cover, take shelter; M. Eng. schrûden, vestire (Stratmann); A. S. scrýdan and O. N. skrýda vestire. Shyne, x. 67, bright light; so Ps. xcvii. 4 (P. B.V.), 'His lightnings gave shine unto the world.' Signe, x. 61, watchword; so Lat. signum.

Silly, see seely.

Sinke, i. 22, receptacle of every

thing foul; see Stratmann.

Sit, i. 30, impers.' with holy father

sits not with such things to mell,” i. e. it does not become, suit a holy father, &c. So in Chaucer often, see glossary to Chaucer, Prior. Tale, Clar. Pr. ed. It is a French idiom; cp. the uses of seoir (1) to sit, (2) to suit, to be becoming (Bartsch); bienséance, becoming manners, propriety. Cp. L. Lat. sedere (Ducange).

=

Sith, vii. 22; x. 64; sithens, iv. 51; ix. 8, since; sith A. S. síð, since (Grein); sithens (whence since) is prob. due to Scandinavian influence, and O. N. síðan es (Icel. siðan er), es being the old form of the rel. pronoun. Slight, vii. 30, device, contrivance; sleighte, Chaucer, 606. This is a Scandinavian word, from O. N. slæg, slyness, see Stratmann. Cp. Eph. iv. 14 (A.V.) 'by the sleight of men = ἐν τῇ κυβεία

K.T.λ.

Snaggy, vii. 10, having snags, i. e. lumps on a tree where a branch has been cut off (Halliwell). Snag a north country word, prob. of Scandinavian origin. Cp. O. N. snagi.

Snubbe, viii. 7, a bough cut short,

hence a snag, see snaggy. A Scandinavian word, cp. O.N. snubba, to cut short, to snub, snubbóttr, with top cut off. Hence our 'snub-nose.'

Solemnize, x. 4, verbal sb. solemnizing; Lat. sollennis, established, appointed by state authority, festive, solemn.

Sooth, iii. 29, truth; soothsayer, v. 8, A. S. sốð, truth; cp. O. N. sannr, Sansc. sat-ja-s. In satjas sat is for the pres. pt. (a)sant (being) Lat. -sent in absentem, præsentem. 'Sooth' therefore means properly that which exists, that which actually is. See M. Müller, Lect. ii. 378.

Sorceresse, ii. 34, an enchantress;
so in Cotgrave (s.v. sorciere); Fr.
sorcier L. Lat. sortiarius, one
who casts lots (sortes), see Brachet
(s.v. sorcier).

Souce, v. 8, to beat, drub. A
North Country word, see Jamie-

son.

Soust, iii. 31, pp. plunged into
water, drenched; Fr. 'saucer, to
sauce, also, to dip' (Cotgrave).
Sauce L. Lat. salsa (from Lat.
sal) salted, see Brachet (s.v.).
Sowne, i. 41, sound; so Chaucer,

275; Fr. son; Lat. sonus.
Sperst, i. 39; iv. 48, pp. dispersed ;
the verb to disperse is from Lat.
dispersus, pp. of dispergere.
Spill, iii. 43, to destroy; cp. Chaucer,
8379, 'ye mowe saue or spille ;'
A. S. spillan, to destroy; cp. O.N.
spilla.

Spousd, x. 4, betrothed; O. Fr.
espouser (Bartsch); Lat. sponsare.
Cp. Wiclif, Matt. i. 18, Marie...
spousid (desponsata, Vulg.) to
Joseph.'

Spies, ii. 17, 'speculatores, i. e.
oculi quibus speculatur' (Upton).
Spy in O. Eng. spie (Stratmann);
O. Fr. espie; the verb espier in
Chanson de Roland, from O.H.G.
spehon.
Spright, i. 38, an evil spirit; spright
spelt arbitrarily for sprite; Fr.
esprit; Lat. spiritus. See Earle,

A. S. staðol (Grein), -ol properly
an adjectival suffix; see Sweet,
lxxxvi.

Starke, i. 44, stiff; so A. S. stearc,
validus, rigidus (Grein).
Sted, viii. 17; ix. 41 ; xi. 46, place;
iv. 2, in her sted,' cp. mod.
instead, A. S. stede. The word
occurs very often as a termina-
tion in English local names, e. g.
Bansted, Binsted, Elstead, Stan-
stead (all in Surrey); see be-
stedd.

Steede, ii. 45, a spirited horse, for

war; O. Eng. stéde (Stratmann);

A. S. stéda.

Stew, xi. 44, a warm place; O.
Eng. in many forms, see Strat-
mann; O. Fr. estuve (mod. étuve);
Prov. estuba; L. Lat. stuba. Cp.
O. H. G. stupa, Ger. stube; A. S.
and O. N. stofa, stove.
Steward, x. 37, one who has charge
of a household, oeconomus; O.
Eng. stiward, Ancren Riwle, p.
386; A. S. stíweard in the Chron.
A.D. II20, an officer of the court
of Henry I. Stiweard = stig-
(stige, sty) + weard, a keeper,
warden of the sty or cattlepen.
Hence the royal name of Stuart !
Stole, i. 4; iii. 4; xii. 22, the black
hood of Una; cp. Milton, Il Pens.
35, 'sable stole of Cyprus lawn;'
Gr. στολή.

Stound, vii. 25; viii. 12, 25, 38;
xi. 36, a time of trouble, peril,
alarm; properly a short space of
time (A. S. stund); Ger. stund,
an hour.
Stowre, ii. 7; iii. 30; iv. 46; v.
51; vii. 12; viii. 5; x. 40, battle,
disturbance, peril; Chaucer, stoure;
O. Fr. estur, estor, in Chanson de
Roland, the tumult of battle;
O. N. styrr, a stir, tumult, battle.
Stub, ix. 34, an old stump of a
tree; O. N. stubbi.

Stye, xi. 25, to ascend, mount;

Sup, iv. 22, to drink down; O.
Eng. súpen (Stratmann); A. S.
súpan.
Suspect, vi. 13, suspicion;

=

SO

Milton, Vacation Ex., 27; L. Lat.
suspectus suspicio (Ducange).
Swayne, viii. 13, youth; Chaucer,
4025; O. N. sveinn, a boy, lad;
a servant, attendant; cp. Dan.
svend, an apprentice, and swain in
boat-swain, cox-swain.
Swelt, vii. 6, burned; Layamon,
25594; pret. of O. Eng. swélen,
urere; A. S. swélan (see Grein).
Swinge, xi. 26, to singe; so in
various dialects (Halliwell); O. Eng.
sengen, Chaucer (see Stratmann);
A. S. be-sengan. The verb sengan
is a causal verb from singan, and
means properly to cause to sing,
because the sound produced by
burning slightly seems to be a kind
of singing; see Weigand (s. v.
séngen).

Swyne, iv. 21, a pig, porcus; A. S.
swin (sb. n.), a hog, a boar.
Swine is now generally accepted
as a plur. form. In Chaucer it is
sing. and pl. like sheep, deer. See
Earle, sect. 382.
Syre, vi. 30, sire, father; O. Fr.
sire (domine) in the Chanson de
Roland, frequently in addressing
Charlemagne; sire is derived from
Lat. senior, elder, whereas seig-
neur, sieur = seniorem. The stages
were senior, seinre, sinre, sire, so
Gautier, see glossary to Chanson
de Roland.

T.

Table, ix. 49, a picture; properly
the panel or surface on which a
picture was painted; cp. Shake-
speare, K. John, II, ii. *I beheld
myself, Drawn in the flattering
table of her eye;' Lat. tabula, a
painted panel, a picture, from the
dimin. of which ta ulellum*
comes Fr. tableau, a picture.
Talaunts, xi. 41, talons; Fr. talon,
a heel; L. Lat. talonem, from Lat.
talus; see Brachet.

Teade, xii. 37, a torch; Lat. taeda.
Teene, ix. 34; xii. 18, grief, hurt;
Chaucer, 3108; A. S. teóna, in-
jury, insult.
Tell, iv. 27, to count;
tellen (Stratmann);

tellan.

O. Eng.

A. S. ge-

Teme, ii. I, 'his sevenfold teme,' i.e.
the Great Bear, the seven bright
stars, Septemtriones, called also
'boves et temo,' oxen and shaft.
See M. Müller, Lect. ii. 400. Note
that this teme = Lat. temo, shaft,
has no connection with Eng. team
(teme, v. 28), a line of draught
animals = A. S. teám, a line of de-
scendants, O.N. taumr, a rein,
bridle, from root tuh, to draw; see
Fick, iii. 122.

-

Then, x. 10, than; so in More's

Utopia (passim), see gloss.
Thewes, ix. 3; x. 4, manners, good
qualities; so in O. Eng. constantly,
see Stratmann; A.S. theaw, custom,
habit; in plur. morality. Shake-
speare uses the word thewes in the
sense of nerves, muscular vigour.
It is possible that thew in the
Shakespearian and modern sense
may be simply a variety of A. S.
theóh, thigh, and consequently
unconnected with A. S. theaw.
Tho, i. 18; v. II; xi. 42, then; so
in Chaucer; A. S. dá.

Thorough, i. 32; x. I, through;
so now in various dialects (Halli-
well); O. Eng. poru in Havelok =
A. S. purh; in the A. S. Chron.
A.D. 998, this preposition appears
as Suruh. Note the prep. through
and the adj. thorough are one and
the same word.

Thrall, ii. 22; vii. 44; viii. I, sub-

ject; v. 45, 51; viii. 32, 37,
prisoner; vi. 6, one in distress; in
Chaucer thral, a servant, serf;
A.S. præl, a serf; cp. O.N. þræll.
Thrill, iii. 42; x. 19, to pierce;
thrillant, xi. 20, piercing; A. S.
þyrlian. See nosethrill.

Thrist, vi. 38, to thirst; so Wiclif,
Matt. v. 6.

Throw, x. 41, throe, pang; throwe,
aerumna, Prompt. Parv.; A. S.
pred, misery, calamity; cp. O. N.
þrá.

Tide, ii. 29, a duration of time;

A. S. tid, tempus; cp. Ger. zeit.
Timely, i. 21; iv. 4, in due season,
according to a set time; O. Eng.
tímlich, see Stratmann.
Tinsell, ii. 13, 'a silver texture,

less dense and stout than cloth of

silver,' Keightley; see Trench,
S. G. (s.v.). But' tinsel' does not
always refer to silver; cp. Cot-
grave, s.v. brocatel, tinsell; or
thin cloth of gold, or silver.' Fr.
étincelle; O. Fr. escintele; Lat.
scintilla, see Diez, p. 579.
Tire, iv. 35, 'a tier, row, or rank'
(Halliwell); Dryden, H. P.iii. 317;
A. S. tiér, a row (Grein).
Tire, viii. 46; x. 31, a head-dress;

so in the Bible (A.V.), Is. iii. 18;
Ezek. xxiv. 17, 23; A.S. tír, splen-
dor, adornment; cp. Ger. zier.
Tort, xii. 4, wrong; a French word
used in English law; Fr. tort=
Lat. tortus, properly twisted,
wrung awry, then, wrong, damage,
injustice (Brachet).

Touch, iii. 2, 'true as touch,' i. e.

touchstone; so in Shakespeare,
Timon, iv. 3, 'O thou touch of
hearts' (namely, gold). Fr.

toucher, see Brachet.

Toy, vi. 28, pastime, sport; properly
like its cognate Ger. zeug used of
implements, utensils, gear, then
used for the compound play-toy
(spielzeug) plaything. Cp. Dan.
töi, implements; O. N. tygi, gear.
Trace, viii. 31, to walk; still in
use (Halliwell). Fr. tracer, see
Brachet.

Traine (trayne), i. 18; viii. 17; xi.
37, a tail; Fr. train, see Cotgrave;
O. Fr. traïn, a tail (Bartsch).
Traine, i. 18; iii. 24; ix. 31, a
snare, a draw-net; Fr. traine.
From Lat. trahere, see Brachet
(s.v. traire).
Transmew, vii. 35, to transmute;
Fr. transmuër (Cotgrave); see

mew.

Treachour, iv. 41; ix. 32, traitor;
O. Eng. trechour; Prov. trachor,
traitor L. Lat. tractor, from Lat.
trahere (Diez).

Treen, ii. 39, adj. of trees; for
examples of adjectives in -n or -en
see Earle, sect. 391.
Trenchand, i. 17; xi. 24, 'tren-
chand blade,' sharp-cutting; O.
Fr. trenchant, cp. Chanson de
Roland, 949, 'noz espées sunt
bones e trenchanz,' our blades are
good and cutting.
Trespas, i. 30, trespass, transgres-
sion; O. Eng.; see Stratmann;
O. Fr. trespas, gen. a departure
out of this world, a decease (Cot-
grave), from trespasser, to pass
beyond, to die, (Bartsch) = Lat.
trans, beyond + passare, a L. Lat.
verb formed from Lat. passus, a
step; see pace.
Trinall, xii. 39, threefold; as if
from a Lat. trinalis; cp. Milton,
Od. Nativ., 11, 'the midst of
Trinal Unity.'