form is viv, which occurs in Pindar, and is the only one employed by the Tragedians. This form viv is also used for αὐτοὺς, αὐτὰς, αὐτά.

11. The dative σpì for opioi occurs in Homer and elsewhere. The Tragedians appear to have used opìv alone. The Poets sometimes, though very rarely, employ it for the dative singular also.

12. In the Poets, too, the form opè (abbreviated from opwè) occurs, which is sometimes used as the accusative plural in all genders, for αὐτοὺς, αὐτὰς, αὐτά; and sometimes, also, as the accusative singular, instead of avròv, avτyv, autó; and also, again, as a pronoun reflexive for ἑαυτόν.

(2.) Possessives.

1. The form eòs, én, éòv, occurs only in the singular in the Ionic and Doric writers, and in the Poets. Instead of this is used the abbreviated form os. Neither còs nor os is ever employed by the Attic Prose Writers; but os for eòs occurs several times in the Tragedians.

2. Instead of nuérepos, the Dorians employed duós. This same ἀμὸς was likewise used for ἐμὸς, as ἡμεῖς for ἐγώ. The Folians said ἄμμος and ἀμμέτερος.

3. The form opérepos is used by the later Alexandrian Poets for the pronoun possessive of the first and second person plural, and, in one instance, even for euós.

4. The form opwirepos occurs only once (I. A. 216). Noirepos is found only in the Ionic Poets.

(3.) Pronoun Definite.

This has already been considered, in the remarks under the Personal Pronouns, sec. 5, &c.

(4.) Reflexives.

1. The reflexive pronouns are formed by the union of the genitives ἐμέο, σέο, ο, with the pronoun αὐτὸς, in all the cases except the nominative.

2. Strictly speaking, éμavrov and σcavтou have no plural. A form for this number, however, is generally substituted, consisting of ἡμεῖς αὐτοὶ and ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ, declined separately.

3. The pronoun avrov is declined throughout the plural

as one word; yet we also find σφῶν αὐτῶν, σφίσιν αὐτοῖς, σφᾶς αὐτοὺς, &c.

4. Properly, according to the composition, only the genitive of these pronouns should have been in use; and it is owing to an arbitrary usage that euéo, &c., are compounded with the dative, accusative, &c., of avtós.

5. Among the Attics, these pronouns are reflexive only, referring to the person implied in the verb, without any particular emphasis derived from αὐτός. Thus, ἔτυψα ἐμαυτὸν, Eμavrov, "I struck myself" (as, in English, "I wash myself"). When the Attic writers, on the other hand, wish to make avròs emphatic, they separate the pronouns, and place αὐτὸς first. Thus, πρὸς αὐτόν σε, against thee thyself." A similar usage prevails in Homer and Herodotus.

(5.) Demonstrative.

1. Instead of ode, de, Tóde, where the enclitic de is annexed to the article, in order to give it greater force, the Attics say ὁδι, ἡδι, τοδὶ, which is analogous to the Latin hicce.

2. Homer annexes the termination of the case to the de; as, τοῖσδεσι, τοίσδεσσι, &c.

3. Instead of Tocode, the form Toloide is common in the Tragic writers, with the accent on the penult; because the enclitic de draws the accent of the principal word to itself.

4. Oûros is used as an emphatic mode of address, and, therefore, as a vocative, “thou there," like the Latin heus.

5. The Attics annex to this pronoun in all cases and genders, to give a stronger emphasis; in which case it receives an accent; as, TOUTOV, Tavtηi, &c. In the neuter, this t takes the place of o and a; as, τουτὶ, ταυτί.

6. The Attics sometimes used τοῦτον for τοῦτο, τοσοῦτον for τοσοῦτο, τοιοῦτον for τοιοῦτο. This appears to have arisen from their attachment to the v ἐφελκυστικόν. In the same way, the Attic frequently said ταὐτὸν for τὸ αὐτό.

(6.) Relative.

τις ὅστις,

1. Homer says oris for oσris, where o is a prefix syllable, as in oπolos, oπóσos, &c.; and he retains, with the rest of the Ionic writers, the unchanged in all the cases; as, örev for οὗτινος, ὅτεῳ for ᾧτινι, &c. The Attics retained similar

forms in the genitive and dative singular; namely, otov for οὗτινος, and ὅτῳ for ᾧτινι. The full form is very rare in the Attic Poets.

2. Instead of the plural ativa, Homer and Herodotus have dooa, from the Doric σà for Tivá. The Attics, instead of this, say ἄττα.

(7.) Indefinite.

1. The Ionians said for τινὸς, τινὶ, &c., τέο and τέῳ. The Attics contracted του, τῳ, in all the genders, for τινὸς and τινί.

2. Instead of the neuter plural Tvà, the Attics said, in certain combinations, particularly with adjectives, arra; as, ἀλλ ̓ ἄττα; τοιαῦτ ̓ ἄττα.

XXV. VERB.

1. Greek verbs are of two kinds; those ending in w, and those in μι.

دو

2. Verbs in @ are of two classes: 1. Those that have a consonant before w; as, TUTT∞, “I strike;" λéyw, “I say ;” and, 2. Those which have a vowel, a, e, o, before it; as, τιμάω, “ I honour;” φιλέω, “ I love ;” χρυσόω, “ I gild.”

3. Verbs in w, with a consonant preceding the termination, are called Barytone Verbs, because, as they have the acute accent on the penult of the present, the grave accent (Bapus Tóvos) necessarily falls on the last syllable.

4. Verbs in w, preceded by a vowel, are called Contracted Verbs, because the ∞ is contracted by the Attics, together with the preceding vowel, into one vowel: and as, after this contraction, a circumflex is placed over the w, they are also styled, by some, Circumflex Verbs.

5. These contracted verbs, however, are not at all different from the barytones, since it is only necessary to contract them in the Present and Imperfect.

PARTS OF THE VERB.

1. The Greek verb has three Voices, Active, Passive, and Middle, and five Moods; the Indicative, Imperative, Optative, Subjunctive, and Infinitive.

2. The Tenses are nine in number; namely, the Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, First and Second Future, First and Second Aorist; and, in the Passive, the Third Future, or, as it is less correctly styled, the Paulo-postfuturum.

3. The numbers are three, Singular, Dual, Plural.