of the age of fourteen years and upward, who are within the United States, and not actually naturalised, are, whenever war is declared or an invasion or predatory incursion is perpetrated, attempted, or threatened, liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as alien enemies. Those who are not chargeable with actual hostility or other crime against the public safety are allowed, for the recovery, disposal, and removal of their goods and effects, and for their departure, the full time stipulated by any treaty in force between the United States and such hostile nation or Government; or, when there is no such treaty stipulation, the President may ascertain and declare such reasonable time as may be consistent with the public safety and according to the dictates of humanity and national happiness. After proclamation has been made by the President, the United States criminal courts, upon complaint against any alien enemy resident and at large within their respective jurisdictions, may cause such alien to be arrested, and, after examination and hearing, order him to be removed out of the territory of the United States, or to give sureties for his good behaviour, or to be otherwise restrained conformably to the proclamation or regulations established by the President, and to imprison or otherwise secure him until the order so made is performed. The marshal of the district executes the warrant of the President, or the order of the court, judge, or justice.

Whenever it is stipulated by treaty or convention between the United States and any foreign nation that the consul-general, consuls, vice-consuls, or consular or commercial agents of each nation, have exclusive jurisdiction of controversies, difficulties, or disorders arising at sea or in the waters or ports of the other nation

between the master or officers and any of the crew, or between any of the crew themselves, of any nation belonging to the nation represented by the consular officer, such stipulations are executed and enforced within the jurisdiction of the United States, if the President is satisfied that similar provisions have been made for the execution of such treaty by the other contracting party, and has issued his proclamation to that effect. The proper consular officer may make application to any United States court of record or to any commissioner of a circuit court, setting forth the facts, and exhibiting a certified copy or extract of the shipping articles, &c., proving that the person in question is of the crew, and certifying that, to the best knowledge and belief, such person is not a citizen of the United States; and thereupon the court, &c., issues a warrant for the arrest of such person to be brought before such court, &c., for examination. The application must be in writing, and duly authenticated by the consular or other sufficient official seal. If the party arrested is not a citizen, and the court, &c., finds upon the papers a sufficient primâ facie case that the matter concerns only the internal order and discipline of such foreign vessel, or, whether in its nature civil or criminal, does not affect directly the execution of the laws of the United States, or the rights and duties of any citizen of the United States, a warrant is issued committing such person to prison, or, in the discretion of the court, &c., to the master or chief officer of the vessel, and to the jurisdiction of the consular or commercial authority, to the exclusion of any authority or jurisdiction in the premises of the United States or any state thereof.

Marriages in presence of any consular officer of the United States in a

foreign country between persons who would be authorised to marry if residing in the District of Columbia, are valid to all intents and purposes, and have the same effect as if solemnised within the United States. The consular officers give the parties a certificate of marriage, and send another certificate thereof to the Department of State, there to be kept.

In certain countries the Ministers and consuls of the United States, duly appointed to reside in them, in addition to other powers and duties imposed upon them respectively by the provisions of the treaties, are by treaty fully empowered to arraign and try in prescribed form all citizens of the United States charged with offences against law, committed in such countries respectively, and to sentence such offenders in the manner authorised, and to issue such processes as are suitable and necessary to carry this authority into execution. Such officers have also the judicial authority necessary to execute the provisions of the treaties respectively in regard to civil rights, whether of property or person, their jurisdiction embracing all controversies between citizens of the United States, or others, provided for by such treaties respectively. In all cases, civil and criminal, the jurisdiction is exercised and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, or, if these be unadapted or deficient, the common law and the law of equity and admiralty, or, if these do not furnish sufficient remedies, the Ministers in those countries respectively supply the defects and deficiencies by decrees and regulations which have the force of laws. Consuls can cause the arrest of any citizen of the United States charged with being an offender. Ministers and consuls can call upon the local authorities to sustain and support them in the execution of the

powers confided to them by treaty. If at any time there be no Minister in either of the countries with which there exists such a treaty, the judicial duties imposed upon the Minister devolve upon the Secretary of State, who is authorised and required to discharge them.

By the treaty between the United States and Madagascar of " 'peace, friendship, and commerce, proclaimed March 13, 1883, all disputes and differences arising between citizens and proteges of the United States and subjects of Madagascar, and all criminal offences committed by such citizens and proteges against said subjects, and vice versa, as well as all infringements of the laws of Madagascar by the United States citizens and proteges, are to be investigated, tried, and adjudged by "mixed courts." The chief United States diplomatic officer in Madagascar, or, if none, the chief or senior United States consular officer and a Malagasy officer appointed by the Queen of Madagascar for that purpose, constitute a 66 mixed superior court," which is a court of record, having both original and appellate jurisdiction; and there is one inferior mixed court in each United States consular and each United States consular agent's district in Madagascar, consisting of the United States consular officer of the district and a Malagasy officer appointed by the Queen's Government for the purpose for each district. These inferior courts have original jurisdiction of civil cases up to $500, or imprisonment for not more than one year, or both. Appeals from the superior mixed courts may be taken to either of the two Governments, at the option of the party appealing. In the trial of actions in these courts the native judges preside, and have the prevailing voice when United States citizens or proteges are plaintiffs, and vice versa when United

States citizens or proteges are defendants.

The following salaries are (according to appropriations of 1886) paid to the envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary of the United States to the following countries, each as follows-viz.: to Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, $17,500; Japan, China, Spain, Austria, Italy, Brazil, and Mexico, $12,000; Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador, to reside at such place in either of said states as the President may direct, $10,000; Turkey, $10,000; United States of Columbia, $7500; Ministers resident in Belgium, Netherlands, Hawaiian Islands, Sweden and Norway, and Venezuela, $7500; to Minister resident and consul-general in the Argentine Republic, $7500; Liberia, Switzerland, Denmark, Portugal, Siam, Persia, Corea, Hayti, and Bolivia, $5000; and the Minister resident and consul-general in Hayti shall also be accredited as chargé d'affaires to Santo Domingo; Minister resident to Roumania, Servia, and Greece, $6500; agent and consul-general at Cairo, $5000; chargé d'affaires to Paraguay and Uruguay, $5000.

The secretaries of legation in London, Paris, Berlin, and St Petersburg, China, and Japan, are each paid $2625; those in Spain, Turkey, Austria, Italy, Brazil, and Mexico, each $1800; those in Chili and Peru, $1500 each. Second secretaries of legation in London, Paris, and Berlin, are each paid $2000. Those in Japan and China, who shall be American students of the language of the court and country to which they are appointed, respectively, and shall be allowed and required, under the Secretary of State, to devote their time to the acquisition of such language,

$1800 each; clerk to the legation in Spain, $1200; secretary of legation and consul-general at Bogota, $2000; secretary of legation in Central America, and consul-general to Guatemala, $2000.

Interpreters to legation are paid thus: China, $3000; Japan and Turkey, $2500 each, but no person drawing these salaries is allowed any part of the salary appropriated for any secretary of legation; Persia, $1000; Corea, $1000; Bangkok, Siam, $500.

Each of the consuls-general at London, Paris, Havanna, and Rio de Janeiro, $6000; Shanghai and Calcutta, $5000; Melbourne, $4500; Kanagawa, Panama, Berlin, Montreal, and Honolulu, $4000; Halifax, $3500; St Petersburg, Frankfort, Vienna, Constantinople, Rome, and in Equador, $3000; Mexico, $2500.

The consuls at Liverpool, $6000, and at Kong-Kong, $5000. The others are divided thus: second class, with salaries of $3500; third, $3000; fourth, $2500; fifth, $2000; sixth, $1500; and seventh, $1000.

Commercial agencies are at Saint Paul de Loando, Levaka, and Gaboon. In the estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1888, there shall be estimated for, specifically, under classified consulates, all consulates and commercial agencies, where the fees collected or compensation allowed for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, exceeds $1000. Hitherto salaried consular officers had to turn over into the United States Treasury all fees received, while those unsalaried retained the fees until the amount reached $2500 in cases of consuls, or $1000 in cases of consular agents, the surplus over these maximum sums being paid into the United States Treasury.

There are consular officers not citizens of the United States.

In case of an insurrection in any state against the Government thereof, it is lawful for the President, on application of the legislature of such state, or of the executive when the legislature cannot be convened, to call forth such number of the militia of any other state or states which may be applied for, as he deems sufficient to suppress such insurrection; or, on like application, to employ for the same purpose such part of the land or naval forces of the United States as he deems necessary. And when it becomes impracticable in the judgment of the President to enforce by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings the laws of the United States within any state or territory, it is lawful for the President to call forth the militia of any or all the states, and to employ such parts of the land and naval forces of the United States as he may deem necessary to enforce the faithful execution of the laws of the United States, or to suppress such rebellion in whatever state or territory thereof the laws of the United States may be forcibly opposed, or the execution thereof forcibly obstructed. When

ever insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combinations, or conspiracies in any state so obstruct or hinders the execution of the laws thereof, and of the United States, as to deprive any portion or class of the people of such state of any of the rights, privileges, or immunities, or protection named in the Constitution, and secured by the laws for the protection of such rights, privileges, or immunities, and the constituted authorities of such state are unable to protect, or from any cause fail in or refuse protection of the people in such rights, such facts are deemed a denial by such state of the equal pro

tection of the laws to which they are entitled under the Constitution of the United States; and in all such cases, or whenever any such insurrection, violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy opposes or obstructs the laws of the United States, or the due execution thereof, or impedes or obstructs the due course of justice under the same, it is lawful for the President, and it is his duty, to take such measures, by the employment of the militia or the land and naval forces of the United States, or of either, or by other means, as he may deem necessary, for the suppression of such insurrection, domestic violence, or combinations.

Whenever in the judgment of the President it becomes necessary to use the military forces, he forthwith, by proclamation, commands the insurgents to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes within a limited time; should the insurgents have failed to disperse by the time directed, and claim to act under the authority of any state or states, and such claim is not disclaimed or repudiated by the persons exercising the functions of Government in such state or states, or in the part or parts thereof in which such combination exists, and such insurrection is not suppressed by such state or states, or should the inhabitants of any state or part thereof be at any time found by the President to be in a state of insurrection against the United States, the President may, by proclamation, declare that the inhabitants of such state, or of any section or part thereof where such insurrection exists, are in a state of insurrection against the United States; and thereupon all commercial intercourse by and between the same and the citizens thereof and the citizens of the rest