Grammar (XVIII. saec.): ought now changes its ending no more than must. Platt-E: they hadn't ought to shirk the consequences (T. Brown 73). Imperfectisch s. Schmitz Gram. 337. need: it needeth thee nought teche (Ch. 3599), what needes me fetch from Faery forreine ensamples (S. 3. 1); a man need go no further (Si.); it needes me not to layne (P.); I hope I need not to advise you further (Sh.); which I need not have done neither (B. Fl. 1. 546); thou need na start awa sae hasty (Bur.); as great a sinner as need be (Th. Penden.); this need not occasion wonder (War.); we need no biographer to tell us (Lewes); a workman that needeth not to be ashamed (2. Timoth. 2. 15); why needs he to go at all (Col. Picc. 2. 6). Das Stammwort findet sich in Ch. 4523 that veray nede unwrappeth al thy wound hid; mit have als Substant.: the lost pilots have needs of mariners (B. J. 752); we habbeth to help neode (Wa. I. 74), beauty had need the guard (Mi. Comus); some objects had need be turned on every side (Locke); they had need be strong reasons (Le. R. C. I. 25); as my nede is for to atcheve (Ch. R. 5886); es wurde zum Adverb (cf. nought at nede Richard I., K. John 3. 1) a man moste nedes love maugre his hed (Ch. 1171), Dr. 247; C. Fred.: Bankruptcy needs must come; so nedeli at the I mot witte (Wa. I. 63). Selten ist der Infinitiv: thou shalt reign and Rome or Caesar not need fear (Mi. P. R. 3), think not thou to find me slack.. or to need thy politic maxims (id.), I should not need (J. Caesar 2. 1), falsch P. 168 thou needest must die. Br. 345.. und 600 .. gibt sehr viele Beispiele um zu zeigen, dass sowohl der reine als der präposit. Infinitiv, und so gut die flexionslose als die flectirte Form bei demselben Schriftsteller vorkommt; das Urtheil der Grammatiker ist verschieden, doch neigt sich die Mehrzahl zu he needs not proceed (though contrary to what is perhaps the best usage). Als auxiliar is es wohl besser ohne s, aber im prägnanten Sinne wie will, can zu flectiren.

dare: ne dear ic ham faran (Gen. 44. 34), dearst bidan (Beo.

1049), stets ags. ohne to. a man that suche wordes durst me sayne (Sir Guy); who dares not stir by day, must walk by night (John 1. 1), thah hue ne dorste at borde mid him speke (Wa. 1. 39); will dare to soil her purity (Mi. Comus), will dare set foot (Mi. P. R. IV.); I dare say I owe as much as goodnatured people will let me owe (D.); I durst to wager she is honest

(Oth. IV. 2); I dare to tell you (Bu.). In der Bedeutung herausfordern (Caesar 2. 1) trans. mit to (Br. 599). Gulpan ne thorfte (Lied auf Aethelstan), ist gleich goth. tharf galeitan ἔχω ἀνάγκην ἐξελθεῖν (Luc. 14. 18) cf. non kunnes asagling ne may him derven for nothing (Wa. 1. 75) s. Col. Gloss. Villan und vilnjan, I will und to will. Ic ville, beo geclaensed (Matth. 8. 3), vilst þu pät fyr cume of heofone (Luc. 9. 54), aelc mod vilnad sodes godes to begetanne (Boeth. 24. 2, Luc. 23. 8); men wilnethe more yhere (Wa. 1. 127 saec. XIV.). how longe time wol ye reken (Ch. 13146), wolle so in Torrent, a thinge 1 wulle you telle (Robert of Sicily), I will be with thee (Gen. 26. 2 cf. Ch. R. 6903); that thei n'ill with her fingers touchen (Ch. R. 6907). Except he would his life to loose (Higgins Albonact 6); willing to destroy sin (an. 1417. Marriot M. Pl. XVII). Right as our Lord hath wold.. (Ch. Melib. 133, Compl, of Venus 11); but they ne should not willen so (Ch. R. 6923), wisdome willeth me to pause (Euph. 30); him when I willed to appear (Alex. and Campaspe 1. 3); we will send to will him come (Gr. 160); if God had so willed it (Th. Newcomes). Sir Paul will'd me give you caution (B. J. 367), you are will'd by him this evening to depart Rome (Catiline); and willen that folke hem loute and grete (Ch. R. 6920); he cannot will that w год should pervert or conceal truth (War.); talent of willing what all the world wills (C. Fred. 3. 291); in evil the best condition, is not to will, the second not to can (Ba.); to will is present with me (Romans 7. 18). Auch hier bleibt der Infinitiv oft aus; schon L. 1. 65 per pe king walde ford; thennes wolde it not (Ch. 4930), hyt shuld to a wand agayn (M. Pl. 101); now we'll together (Macb. 4. 3); I'll boldly out (Otw. Carlos 30).

cunnan: cunnon secgan (Beow. 100); cûdhe recean (B. 180). now wotte I nat ne can nat se (Ch. R. 7154); I shall not conne answere (Ch. IV. 190). ne who them made kanne nomane telle (Wa. I. 186). she cowde wete for no case (id. 198). she should not con ne mow attaine (Ch. Dr. 150). doch he said he could not to forsake my love (Higgins Queen Elstride 20) in prägnanter Bedeutung novi. that the Latin no Frankys conn (Wa. I. 61); him that con not iknowen French (id. 74, Ch. R. 7089).

=

to can (Ba.. 138); men will obey a man that kens and cans and name him reverently their kenning or king (C. Fred. 2. 154) cf. I as an unkonneng man (Sangreal); as the knight gan ken (Wa. I. 66).

uten we heom to live (L. 2. 442)

wish to fare (cf. Impera

tiv); uton faran (Genes. 33. 12). that manyone wate not what it is (Tristrem). any other that I wot (Romance XIV. saec., Wa. I. 100). to wete what the strokes myght be (Wa. I. 181, S. II. 2. 7. 38). to wite of you counsayle (id. 190). if she might know in ony wyse to wete whereof he were come (id. 198). weteth welle (Wa. 1. 88). Ichot Ic wot (Wa. I. 26). it ne has not be wist ne know (Ch. Dr. 162). never mane wyst him aferd (Wa. I. 184). he ne west (id. 184). ywysse (Wa. I. 88), iwis (I. 16, H. 84). that alle thing on eorthe sixt and wost (1. 74).

wot not unto whom to plaine (Ch. Dr. 770).

what to do ne what to sayne wist I not (id. 880),

I have known her continue (Macb. 5. 1); I have known Lords abbreviate almost the half of their words (Cobbett, getadelt von Br. 596); who well know's to still the wild winds (Mi. Comus); he knew himself to sing (Lycidas); that scarce themselves know how to hold (id. cf. Gri. IV. 107).

=

Das ahd. dugan, tugan kommt ausser im a.. doughty tüchtig, nicht mehr im E. vor. man: sva sva hig silfe vyrde munon (Leg. Lond. 8), hierzu gehört mean (mind) ohne Infinitiv. in gode faith I men't but well (Ch. Dr. 647); thou hast ment with thi man amongis us ferre (Wa. 2. 104) oder mit to: they meant to bathe in reeking wounds (Macb. I. 2); I mean still to surprise you (Q. Dur. 261).

when I wend thus all have sene (Ch. Dr. 167); wening to spede

(id. 373). Wa. 1. 20: alle men wente he had been slayne; then beene ye sixe to blame to weene your wrong by force to justify (S. 3. 1. 25).

have (cf. Gri. IV. 93): to have a man's mind move in charity (Ba); I would have you go before me (K. John 1. 1); I shall not have this man die (War. N. a. Th. 260) aber I would have you to know (H. Clinker); what wilt thou have me to do? (Acts IX. 6).

let (s. Imperativ): King Richard let him make an axe (Wa. 1. 159) = faire; so Gower he lette two cofres make; he let her wit (Ch. Dr. 785); they were let go in peace (Acts 25. 33), doch I am let to know it is (Haml.). this mighty lord let not to passe the shuttyng (Ch. Dr. 752), this was soon let fall (Fu.); in der Bedeutung cease, hinder mit to Ch. R. 6029 ne let therefore to drinke clarrie; he would not let to counsel the king (Ba.), what should let the commonwealth to take due vengeance? hindern (B. J.); doch auch S. 3. 1. 290 did let her goodly visage to appere (liess) und Thack. V. F. we shall be let to go home quickly neben some are to be let go (C. Fred. 3. 22), if we let goe you (Ch. Dr. 252); she lets thee to wit, that she has thee forgot (Bur.); I let you to know (Q. D. 447), it lettes it not fall, it lettes it not to rest (S. 3. 5. 2). Aehnlich leave these relicks.. to decke his herce (S. 2. 8. 16). make: Ch. R. 5342 the shadow makith her bemes merke, id. 7363 to makin 'hem be knowin there [so clear enough to make me be understood, Locke, was Br. 596 verwirft; es solle heissen to be understood oder blos understood. Ch. R. maketh 'hem to lose ther conisaunce und oft. Marc. VII. 37 he maketh both the deaf to hear and the dumb to speak; the ryver made to renne of the stone (Lydgate); age will make all to stoop (Fu.); Waller 56: and makes all ills that vex us here to cease; aber selbst it was made stand upon the feet (Daniel VII. 4); I was made believe (Montague). It is this that makes the observance of the dramatic unities to be of consequence (Blair Rhet.); man was made to mourn (Bur.); she maketh through her adversite men ful and clerly for to se (Ch. R. 5550). So auch this amorous queen chargith her meine the nettis dresse (Ch. Dido 267). her compleint should aftir cause her be corseint (Ch. Dr. 942); he causde me resigne my kingly state (Mirror 295); she caused them be led in courteous wize (S. 3. 1. 42) cf. S. 2. 4. 19 ne ever thing could cause us disagree. Nach Churchill ist diese Construction ein Scottism s. Br. 601; doch braucht Scott es mit to, z. B. Ivanhoe 306; they would cause to be removed all public concubines (Verordnung von 1417. Marriot XVII.; cause light to spring (Mi. S. A.); cause his face to shine upon us (Ps. 67); he has caused himself to be provided with a key (D.). cuman ongunn on (Beow. 486); ongan fremman (Ca. 3. 3, Marc. X. 28), gon leren (Horn 247), bei Ch. ohne to, mit to und mit

cause.

for to, dicht zusammen Tro. 1186. 1189 1198.; her men aborde gunne to stonde (Richard I.) und into that schyp they gunne gone (id.); trumpes begonne for to blowe (id.), S. 2. 8. 17: th'other brother gan his helme unlace und id. 37 lowd he gan to weepe. my sister con this knight entrete (Ch. Dr. 419) ist eine gewöhnliche Form für gan; so sc. Wallace can him arey (Wa. 2. 114). gret werre tho bigan to wrake (Wa. I. 191. Horn 121), I woll begin to expoune.. (Ch. R. 7176); so jetzt stets. go: sittan eodon (Beow. 981), go buie a coursir (Ch. R. 5906), go we dine (Ch. 13153), I will go arm me (Q. D. 481); the quene to mete everichone they went (Ch. Dr. 275); gone to be married, gone to swear a peace (K. John 3. 1), so jetzt I am going to... awaie thei gonne it for to bere (Ch. R. 7148); so oft in der Bibel (Acts 24. 11).

I felt something sting me. I felt it to be my duty; nach Br. stets to bei geistiger Affection; doch he felte his herte to dance (Ch. 8. 179), S. 3. 2. 42 (the breast) she felt to pant and quake; Mi. S. A. so much I feel my genial spirits droop.

happed that he saw a maiden (Ch. 6467), in his way it happed him to ride (id. 6571), you may hap see him a great one (B. J. 357), yo may happen hev heard (Lancashire).

they forth yfere did ryde (S. 3. 1. 12), is ridden to the feldes him to play (Ch. 1505), (dafür on huntyng ben they ridden id. 1683), he radde hym for to wende (Wa. 2. 307).

sêcean cuomon (Beo. 534), ladies comen ride (G.) und thus comen thei rident forthe; com tôverpan (Matth. 5. 17) [das alte Wort noch in the world to queme (Ch. R. 7274)]; they be come him here to seche (Ch. Dr. 733); however you come to know it (Macb. 4. 1); the son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost (Lucas 19. 10); come from the country to be judg'd by you (K. John 1. 1); ladies be comin for to make gode chere (Ch. Dr. 582); he was com for to hunt (Wa. 1.18). òthur childre ronne to playe (Wa. I. 16); run to meet what he would most avoid (Comus).

they hied so, they would not abide, the bridiling ther horse to

ride (Ch. Dr. 271), that lady so hyid me to comfort (id. 399). send: ic eom asend with the sprecan (Luc. I. 19), schon bei Wi. :

y am sent to thee to speke; twa sende he furth to luk quhat it mycht be (Wa. II. 115).