said note and mortgage, and each of them, and every part thereof, are void and of no effect as creating any obligation against the said defendants or any of them, or as constituting any lien against the property of said defendants, or any of them, described in said mortgage and complaint, or otherwise." Judgment for the defendants followed, from which the plaintiffs appeal, supporting the same by a transcript of the testimony and other proceedings of the trial, prepared in accordance with the provisions of section 953a of the Code of Civil Procedure.

The general question presented is whether the findings vital to the judgment are supported by the evidence.

The salient facts are undisputed, and briefly they are: In the year 1911 the Fandango company found itself in financial difficulties, being heavily in debt and without financial means to carry on its lumber business. It owned extensive properties, including extensive timber land holdings. While the board of directors of said company never at any time expressly authorized Duhme, the president, to borrow on behalf of the company the sum of money for which the note and the mortgage in dispute were given, said board did, nevertheless, at a special meeting thereof, on August 18, 1911, adopt a resolution which, in general language, vested in the directors the authority to borrow money "of whom they see fit" for the company "to run the business." (Trans., p. 47.)

Among those to whom the company was indebted at the time mentioned and whose indebtedness was secured was the Bank of Fort Bidwell. The company had overdrawn its account at said bank by the sum of approximately four thousand dollars, the total indebtedness of the company to said bank being over nine thousand dollars. The bank was pressing the company for a settlement, and Duhme, in the year 1911, went to Minneapolis, Minnesota, for the purpose of making an effort to secure a loan which would be sufficient to liquidate the debt of the company to the said bank. Two of the directors of the company-C. B. and C. D. Eustisthen resided in Minneapolis. After negotiations with the plaintiffs, Duhme and his codirectors, C. B. and C. D. Eustis, succeeded in securing the loan. Before consummating the transaction, however, Duhme telegraphed to the said bank from Minneapolis, asking its consent to mortgage the com

81 Cal. App.-21

pany's timber lands and plant to secure the proposed loan. The bank, by telegram, replied, under date of December 22, 1911: "Bank consents to your mortgaging timber and plant, providing you have bank in Minneapolis wire us seven thousand dollars for credit Fandango Lumber Company; overdraft now four thousand dollars. Brown advises two thousand in checks outstanding which we will protest if the money is not wired immediately." Thereafter, and on the twentythird day of December, 1911, the plaintiffs loaned and delivered to Duhme the sum of ten thousand dollars, for which the note set out in the complaint and the mortgage attached to and made a part of that pleading as security for the payment of said note were executed by Duhme in the name and under the corporate seal of the Fandango Lumber Company.

On the twenty-fifth day of June, 1912, in pursuance of a resolution previously adopted by the board of directors of the Fandango company, the said board executed a trust deed, whereby it conveyed to the defendant, W. R. Wilkinson, as trustee, all the property covered by the mortgage in controversy. The object of said deed of trust was to straighten out the affairs of the company, and to this end the trustee was authorized by said instrument to conduct and manage the business of the company, to pay all current operating expenses, and to pay off, as they fell due, the debts of the concern. This deed provides, among other things: "The party of the first part (Fandango Company) covenants and agrees that this deed of trust delivered to the trustee shall be a mortgage upon the premises and property affected thereby, subject only to mortgage. . . to Devereaux, Wallace, Doerr and Bleeker, of Minneapolis," who are the plaintiffs in this action.

The Sunset Lake Lumber Company is a subsidiary corporation, which was organized subsequent to the time at which the mortgage in question was given, for the purpose of taking over the properties and business of the Fandango company and paying all its debts. On the twenty-sixth day of July, 1912, the Fandango company, by deed, conveyed to the said Sunset company all its properties and business for the purposes above mentioned. The defendant, W. R. Wilkinson, was then president of the Fandango company, and as such officer, and for and under the seal of the said company, executed the said deed of conveyance to the Sunset company. That deed expressly recites that it is subject to all the debts

of the Fandango company, and subject further: ". . . to a second mortgage for the sum of ten thousand ($10,000.00) dollars in favor of Thomas F. Wallace, et al., of Minneapolis, Minnesota. ...”

On September 10, 1912, a complaint reciting, among other facts, the existence of the mortgage in suit and the indebtedness to secure which it was given, and asking for the appointment of a receiver of the Fandango company, was filed in the superior court of Modoc County, by an unsecured creditor of said company. The complaint in said action was verified, and alleged the existence and validity of the mortgage in suit here. Upon the hearing of the application for the appointment of a receiver in said action, the defendant, W. R. Wilkinson, was named for and appointed by the court to that office, and as such took over the control and management of the properties of the Fandango company covered by the mortgage involved herein.

On page 36 of the book containing the record of the proceedings of the meetings of the board of directors of the Fandango company there appears, on a slip of paper pasted on said page, a resolution in typewriting, purporting to have been adopted by the said board on the twenty-fourth day of June, 1912, and purporting to ratify the acts of Duhme in borrowing the money from the plaintiffs and in giving the note and the mortgage in question, evidencing and securing said -loan.

It appears from the uncontradicted testimony of Duhme that the money obtained from the plaintiffs on the note and the mortgage in question was applied to the extinguishment of the obligations of the Fandango company, approximately nine thousand five hundred dollars thereof having been paid to the Bank of Fort Bidwell in satisfaction of the debt due it from the company.

Under the evidence, of which the foregoing statement embraces an accurate résumé, it cannot justly be held that the findings essential to the support of the judgment are warranted.

Whether the purported resolution of June 28, 1912, pretending to ratify the transaction involving the making and giving of the note and mortgage in controversy here was regularly or legally adopted by the board of directors, is a question. Duhme testified that it was so adopted, while Wil

kinson, then a member of the board and president of the corporation, positively declared that he attended all the meetings of the board and that at none was any such resolution even suggested, much less adopted. But, in view of other facts, it is wholly unimportant whether there was or was not a formal ratification of the transaction. For we agree to the following contentions of counsel for the plaintiffs: 1. That the Fandango company ratified the mortgage "when it made a deed of trust of all its property to W. R. Wilkinson, and in that deed expressly referred to plaintiffs' mortgage and made said deed subject to this mortgage, thereby expressly recognizing the obligation." 2. That the Fandango company again ratified said mortgage when its board of directors passed a resolution authorizing a deed of all its property to the Sunset Lake Lumber Company, said conveyance to be subject to the debts of the Fandango company, and which resolution not only expressly recognized the deed of trust theretofore given to Wilkinson, covering all its properties, but recognized by express reference thereto the mortgage of the plaintiffs as a prior and valid lien upon said properties. 3. That, as to the defendant, Fandango company, it is estopped from denying the validity of the mortgage, for the reason that it received, retained, and used, for its legitimate purposes, the consideration for the mortgage, viz., the sum of ten thousand dollars, with full knowledge of the fact that said sum of money had been borrowed for its use in its business and of the fact that said mortgage was given to secure the repayment of said sum of money.

But it is earnestly contended by the defendants that the trust deed to Wilkinson could not have the effect either of ratifying the act of giving the mortgage or of estopping the Fandango company from denying the validity of that instrument, inasmuch as the resolution authorizing the making of said trust deed did not expressly vest the board of directors with authority to include in said deed a provision that it should be subject to the prior lien of the mortgage. The resolution, it is true, did not in express terms refer to the indebtedness to the plaintiffs or the mortgage in question, but it did provide that the object of the trust deed was to place the properties and business of the company in the hands of Wilkinson, as trustee, for the purpose of operating the business of the concern and paying off its indebtedness. The

provision in the trust deed that it was to be subject to the mortgage and the rights of the mortgagees thereunder may be assumed to have been the result of the interpretation by the directors of the language of the resolution providing generally for the satisfaction of the obligations then existing against the company; but whether such interpretation was justified or not-that is to say, whether, in strictness, the board of directors was authorized or intended by the resolution to be authorized to insert in the trust deed as a condition thereof the provision respecting the mortgage-the very fact that said board did so construe the language of the said resolution in that particular amounted to a recognition of the mortgage as imposing a valid obligation upon the Fandango company as effectually as if express authority to do so had been by the resolution vested in said board. If, however, this position were unsupportable, then upon either one of two other considerations, supported by the record, may it justly and with legal propriety be held that the transaction involving the execution of the note sued on and the mortgage given to secure its payment has been ratified, viz.: 1. That the trust deed has been in existence for a long period of time (executed June 25, 1912), is still in existence, and has never been repudiated by the corporation, nor is there any repudiation of it now. It must, therefore, be deemed to have been by the corporation acquiesced in and all its covenants and conditions, including any unauthorized conditions or terms, if any, which it contains, thus ratified. (Gribble v. Columbus Brewing Co., 100 Cal. 67, 69, 70, [34 Pac. 527].) 2. Not only does the resolution authorizing the deed to the Sunset Lake Lumber Company refer to and thus ratify the trust deed and all its conditions, but the deed itself expressly refers to and provides that it shall be subject to the mortgage in question. Here, therefore, we have an express and positive recognition of the obligation of the mortgage, and this is the equivalent of the ratification of said mortgage. The conclusion thus declared is in accord with all the cases in which the facts bear analogy to those of the present case. Indeed, the proposition that ratification of a contract, the making of which is unauthorized by one of the principals, may be effectuated by a recognition, howsoever informally, of the agreement and the obligations arising by virtue thereof, is elementary. A familiar and common application of this doc