Linguistics in the Middle Ages: Phonetic Studies in Early Islam

Abū al-Aswad Aḥmad Akhbār al-ḥuruf al-Jazari al-Khalil al-lisān al-Mufaṣṣal al-ṣawt al-Sīrāfi al-thanāyā Al-Zamakhshari Allah Arab phoneticians Arabian Arabic alphabet Arabic alphabet representing Arabic language Arabic linguistic Arabic Phonetics Arabic speech Baṣrā Bughyat Cairo cantillation codices consonant correct Arabic diacritical dialects dots early Arab Fihrist Fluegel glottal stop grammatical hamzah harf huruf Ibid Ibn Abd Rabbih Ibn Abi Ibn al-Jazari Ibn al-Nadim Ibn Khallikān Ibn Ya'ish's incisor inscriptions Irshād Islam Kitāb language Leiden Leipzig letter Linguistic Science linguistic term liturgical Madina mouth Muḥammad Muslim Nabataean naqt nasal palate Paris phonemes phonemic category phoneticians plural form point of articulation pronunciation Prophet Qur'an reading recitation rikhwah says script Scripture Semaan shadidah Sibawaihi Slane sound speech-sounds spirant usually transliterated Sūra Syriac tajwid tongue tradition Umar unrounded Uthman velarized vocal voiced voiceless vols vowel vowel signs word writing Ya'ish أن الله ان على ما