that the boiler be encircled by galvanized iron wire at intervals of about eighteen inches; the sheets of lagging extend horizontally on the boiler and are attached to the circular wires by light copper wires.

At the time of his injury plaintiff had been engaged in this work for eleven months. His cross-examination developed the fact that he understood it. He had been employed by one Mat Pianus. While the matter was disputed, the evidence strongly supported plaintiff's claim that Pianus was a superior employee of defendant whose orders plaintiff was bound to obey. Plaintiff was the only witness who testified as to the circumstances under which he was hurt. He described the occurrence in the following language:

"A little after eleven o'clock Mat. Pianus brought in a coil of wire, told me to go to engine No. twenty-nine, fix that wire around there, when there was nobody else there. I told him I needed another man. Mat. Pianus told me, 'You God damn fool, hurry up, go in a hurry, you will not be hurt there, or die, go quickly, and I will give you a man when I can, when I have time.' I did not dare to say anything against him because I knew what man he was. I took wire from the coil and started to place it under the boiler, put the end of it under the boiler, in a block, took one end of the wire in my hand and climbed up a ladder, dropped the end which I had in my hand over the boiler, looked up to see the other end of the wire, and before I noticed anything else it fell down and hit me in the eye. The boiler was rusty, and the wire had caught in the rust there."

The evidence showed that as a result of the accident plaintiff lost the sight of his right eye. Plaintiff also testified that although he had lagged a great many engines he had wired only six of them and on all of these occasions he had had another man to help him. These facts were disputed by the defendant. Pianus was called as a witness for the defendant and denied

that he had had any such conversation with plaintiff as testified to by the latter. Plaintiff's evidence showed that if two men were working on the wiring of a locomotive the wire was passed over the top of the boiler from one to the other and the risk of the wires springing and flying was eliminated. That the heavier wire in use was liable to spring was shown by one of the defendant's witnesses as well as by the plaintiff.

Plaintiff elected to try the cause as a common-law action for negligence except as the common law is modified by Section 6946, L. O. L. This section, in so far as it is material for present purposes, is as follows:

"Every corporation operating a railroad in this state, whether such corporation be created under the laws of this state, or otherwise, shall be liable in damages for any and all injury sustained by any employee of such corporation as follows: When such injury results from the wrongful act, neglect, or default of an agent or officer of such corporation, superior to the employee injured, or of a person employed by such corporation having the right to control or direct the services of such employee injured, or the services of the employee by whom he is injured;

This opinion must be read in the light of this theory on which the case was tried.

1. Counsel for the defendant earnestly contends that there was error in overruling defendant's motion for a nonsuit and for a directed verdict. The complaint charges that the defendant was negligent in putting plaintiff to work unaided on an undertaking that required the services of two men if it was to be done. with reasonable safety. While the question was strenuously contested in the lower court, there was evidence from which the jury could find that the usage

of the defendant was to detail two men to do the work which plaintiff was doing at the time of his injury. There was also evidence from which the jury could find that plaintiff would not have been hurt if another man had been furnished by the defendant to assist him. Negligence may consist in putting a servant to work at a task which requires more helpers than the master furnishes: Hartman v. Oregon Electric R. Co., 77 Or. 310 (149 Pac. 893, 151 Pac. 472); Missouri etc. Ry. Co. v. Scott (Tex. Civ.), 160 S. W. 432; Thorpe v. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co., 89 Mo. 650 (2 S. W. 3, 58 Am. Rep. 120); Stoddard v. St. Louis etc. Ry. Co., 65 Mo. 514; Fitter v. Iowa Telephone Co., 143 Iowa, 689 (121 N. W. 48); Pigford v. Norfolk Southern R. Co., 160 N. C. 93 (75 S. E. 860, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 865).

2. In view of the simplicity of the work and the fact that plaintiff was a man of mature years who understood the work he was doing, defendant strongly contends that plaintiff assumed the risk of such injury as he sustained. We regard the case as a close one on this issue, but we think plaintiff has proved enough to go to the jury. He testified that he told his immediate superior that he needed another man and was told that he would be given another man when this superior had time. The work involved no imminent peril; it cannot be said as a matter of law that no prudent man would have continued at this work in the absence of the promised helper. Plaintiff was injured a few minutes after this conversation with Pianus, under whose orders he claimed to have worked. He testified that Pianus assured him the work was safe and expressly commanded him to continue it. The weight of authority is to the effect that plaintiff did not as a matter of law assume the risk of injury by remaining at work under the above cir

cumstances: Adams v. Corvallis etc. R. Co., 78 Or. 117, 132 (152 Pac. 504); New York etc. R. Co. v. Vizvari, 210 Fed. 118, 125 (126 C. C. A. 632, L. R. A. 1915C, 9); Thorpe v. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co., 89 Mo. 650, 662-665 (2 S. W. 3, 58 Am. Rep. 120); United States Leather Co. v. Showaller, 113 Va. 479 (74 S. E. 400, 402); Pigford v. Norfolk Southern R. Co., 160 N. C. 93 (75 S. E. 860, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 865); Herr v. Green, 156 Iowa, 532 (136 N. W. 511, 513, 137 N. W. 917) ; 1 Shearman and Redfield on Negligence (6 ed.), 207h.

3. The court gave the following instruction:

"If you should find that the employment of plaintiff in wiring said engine was one involving any peculiar labor, or that there was connected with the same any particular causes of danger of which plaintiff was ignorant by reason of his inexperience, if you should find he was inexperienced in said work, it is the duty of the master to instruct him upon those subjects and inform him what it is he needs to be watchful of in the discharge of his duties; and, if the master neglects these things, he is held chargeable for the injuries that result from that neglect. Therefore, if you should find that the work of wiring said engine without sufficient aid, if you find there was insufficient aid, was dangerous for the reasons alleged in the complaint, and that plaintiff did not know of said danger, and that said danger, if there was any, was not obvious, and that the defendant was negligent in not warning him, as alleged in plaintiff's complaint, then he is entitled to recover."

The giving of this instruction was error. There was no evidence that plaintiff was inexperienced or did not understand the work in which he was engaged. He had been engaged in this work for eleven months. He was forty-three years of age. On cross-examination he testified as follows:

"Q. How many engines did you have to put the asbestos lagging on?

"A. I cannot exactly count the number of the engines, there are so many of them there, I have not counted.

*

"Q. About how many?

"A. There were sometimes maybe one and perhaps three or four, and so on.

"Q. Each day?

"A. Sometimes, some days, on some days more and sometimes there was less and sometimes more."

It is true that plaintiff testified that he had assisted in the wiring of only six locomotives, but his own testimony shows that the wiring was a part of the lagging. He identified upwards of a hundred time-cards, showing that on each of the occasions noted on the cards he had worked at lagging. He must therefore have been present frequently when locomotives were wired.

Furthermore, the work was simple, well within the comprehension of any man who had had a half day's experience at it, as one of the witnesses testified. The only danger incident to the work which counsel for plaintiff has called to our attention is the tendency of wire to spring unless it is attached or straightened. Plaintiff must have understood this tendency as well as anyone. The master is under no obligation to warn the servant under such circumstances: 4 Thompson on Negligence, 4074; Flaig v. Andrews Steel Co., 141 Ky. 391, 396, 397 (132 S. W. 1015); Manley v. Minneapolis Paint Co., 76 Minn. 169 (78 N. W. 1050); Deaton v. Abrams, 60 Wash. 1 (110 Pac. 615, 47 L. R. A. (N. S.) 266); Brown v. Oregon Lumber Co., 24 Or. 315, 319 (33 Pac. 557).

4. The defendant set up the defenses of contributory negligence and assumption of risk. The court instructed the jury that if these defenses were sustained