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81

A.D.

45 The re-imposition of the Income Tax. 1842 41 Repeal of the Corn Laws, 26th June.. 1846 41 The Irish Potato Famine

1846

1847 1848

40 The Death of Daniel O'Connell
39 France discarded the Orleanists.
38 The Navigation Laws were repealed.. 1849
38 Sikhs were defeated at Chilianwallah 1849
38 The Punjab formally annexed
1849

37 Victoria was formed into a province.. 1850
36 The first International Exhibition.... 1851
36 Gold was discovered in Australia 1851

35

"John Doe & Richard Roe" banished 1852 35 The Duke of Wellington died 1852 34 Duty on Advertisements abolished 1853 34 Second Burmese War: Pegu annexed 1853 33 The Battle of Inkerman 1854

31 Oude annexed. Ld. Canning, viceroy 1856
30 Mutiny commed. at Meerut, roth May 1857
29 The Company ceased to govern India 1858
28 Queensland formed into a province.. 1859
27 Jewish disabilities entirely removed.. 1860
26 The Paper Duty was abolished
1861
26 Battle of Bull Run, America, 21st July 1861
26 The Death of the Prince Consort
1861
25 Slavery abolished in U.S., 18th Dec.. 1862
22 The Death of Lord Palmerston
21 Battle of Sadowa

1823

63 The Death of Lord Byron.

1824

63 Ashantees defeated the British

1824

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21 Prussia absorbed Germany

56 New London Bridge was opened 55 Steel pens came into general use

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1865

1866

1866

1867

55 The first Reform Act passed, 7th June
54 "Tracts for the Times" were issued.
54 Slavery was abolished by Parliament
53 S. Australia formed into a province..
53 Stamp on Almanacks abolished.
53 English Poor Law Amendment Act ..
53 Lucifer Matches came into use
50 Accession of Queen Victoria, 20th June 1837
49 "Great Western" steamed to N. York 1838
49 Electric Telegraph first constructed.. 1838
48 Aden was captured and annexed
1839
48 London and Greenwich Rail, opened. 1839
47 The Marriage of Queen Victoria...... 1840
47 Penny Postage commenced, roth Jan. 1840
46 Hong Kong taken from the Chinese.. 1841
46 New Zealand made a separate colony 1841
46 Birth of the Prince of Wales, 9th Nov. 1841
45 The Queen first visited Scotland 1842

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20 The Second Reform Act passed.... 1867 20 The Abyssinian War, cost £10,000,000 1867 19 Transportation of convicts abolished. 1868 17 The Capitulation at Sedan

1870

17 France discarded the Bonapartists .. 1870
17 Rome again made the Capital of Italy 1870
16 The Irish Church was Disestablished 1871
16 The German Empire was re-established 1871
13 Tichborne trial concluded, 28th Feb.. 1874
10 Queen proclaimed Empress of India.. 1877
9 Afghanistan again occupied
9 Cyprus was taken possession of
7 The Second Gladstone Administration 1880
6 The Death of Lord Beaconsfield...... 1881
5 End of Afghan War (cost £23,500,000) 1882
5 English occupation of Egypt
1882

....

1878 1878

4 New Guinea annexed by Queensland. 1883 3 Part of New Guinea was Germanized. 1884 The Colonial Exhibition opened...... 1886

Styles of English Architecture.

Prevailed.

(Circa.)

1066 to 1154
1140 to 1200

1189 to 1272

1260 to 1320
1300 to 1370
1350 to 1400
1399 to 1547

1550 to 1600

1603 to 1641

General Characteristics.

Round-headed doorways and windows, heavy pillars, and zigzag ornaments. (Example, Nave, Rochester Cathedral.) Same, but with pointed windows. (Example, Choir, Canterbury Cathedral.)

Narrow-pointed windows, lancet-shaped; clustered pillars.
(Example, Presbytery at the east end of Lincoln Cathe-
dral; Choir, Westminster Abbey.),

Tracery introduced into windows. (Example, east end of
Lincoln Cathedral.)

Geometrical tracery in windows, enriched doorways, beau-
tifully arranged mouldings. (Example, Lady Chapel, Ely.)
Lines less flowing. (Example, Choir, York Minster.)
Upright lines of mouldings in windows, doorways often
a combination of square heads with pointed arches.
(Example, King's College Chapel, Cambridge.)
A debased species of perpendicular, mostly employed in
domestic architecture. (Examples, Thornbury Castle,
Gloucestershire; Compton Winyate House, Warwickshire.)
An admixture of Classical with all kinds of Gothic or
Pointed. (Example, Longleat House, Wiltshire.)

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Name.

CHARLES II...

JAMES II.

WILLIAM III. and

MARY II.
ANNE.

Kings and Queens of England-Welsh Princes, &c.

THE HOUSE OF STUART-RESTORED.
Eldest son of Charles I.

Second son of Charles I. (died 16 Sept., 1701)
(Interregnum, Dec. 11, 1688-Feb. 13, 1689.)
Son of William Prince of Orange, by Mary,
daughter of Charles I...

83

Age. Rgnd.

Access.

Died.

1660

1685

1685 Dep. 1688 Dec. 1701

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1689

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Eldest daughter of James II.

Second daughter of James II.

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER.

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Sovereigns of Scotland from A.D. 1057 to the Union of the Crowns.

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Arthur Tudor, son of Henry VII.. Henry Tudor (Hen. VIII.), s. of Hen. VII. Henry F. Stuart, son of James I. (d. 1612) 1073 Charles Stuart (Charles I.), s. of James I. 1079 Charles (Charles II.), son of Charles I. 1136 George Augustus (Geo. II.), s. of George I. 1169 Frederick Lewis, s. of George II. (d. 1751) 1194 George William Frederick (George III.) 1240 George Augustus Frederick (George IV.) Llewelyn ap Griffith,last Prince, 1246; slain 1282 Albert Edward, son of Queen Victoria

The English Getarchy.

During the Heptarchy, or during the greater part of the time the Heptarchy existed, the provincial Kings or Heptarchs acknowledged a leader, or Octarch, entitled Rex Gentis Anglorum, of whom Hengist, King of Kent (455), was the first, and Egbert (820) the last.

A.D.

Edwin, 4th King of Northumbria
Oswald, 5th King of Northumbria
Osweo, 8th King of Bernicia
Wulfhere, 6th King of Mercia
Ethelred, 7th King of Mercia..
Cenred, 8th King of Mercia
Celred, 9th King of Mercia..
Ethelbald, roth King of Mercia
Offa, 11th King of Mercia

1751

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716

Ella, ist King of the South Saxons.

490

758

Cerdic, 1st King of Wessex

519

Egferth, 12th King of Mercia

796

Kenric, and King of Wessex.

534 Kenulph, 13th King of Mercia

796

Ceawlin, 3rd King of Wessex

560

Egbert, 17th King of Wessex, made Bret

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551

557

559

587

591

THE line (or rather lines) of native sovereigns Eochaidh, jointly with his uncle Baodan; is a very long one; some Irish historians have traced the succession to about the period of the Flood, "before which time there were many princes," but unfortunately, the records have not been preserved. According to Keating, the first sovereigns after the Milesian Conquest, of whom there is any "absolute certainty," were Heber and Heremon, Milesian princes from Gallicia, in Spain, who conquered Ireland, and gave to its throne a race of 171 kings. These two princes reigned jointly from the year 1300 B.c. till 1291, when Heremon alone ruled. Of their successors, who reigned from the year 1285 B.C. to the Christian era, about 169 in number, only fifteen died comfortably in their beds; four died of the plague or some malignant distemper, the rest being assassinated, killed in battle, or dying other violent deaths. Home Rule in all its beautiful simplicity was in existence from the earliest times till after the Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. in 1172; the Rulers, however, appear to have had anything but a peaceable quiet time. The following is an "authentic

both slain... Ainmereach-deprived of his crown and life 554 Baodan-slain by the two Cuimins Aodh or Hugh- killed in battle Hugh Slaine-assassinated Aodh-Uaireodhnach-killed in battle Maolcobha-defeated in a dreadful battle, in which he was slain... Suibhne-Meain-killed Daniel-died a natural death Conall Claon, jointly with his brother Ceallach-the first was murdered, the other drowned in a bog. Diarmuid and Blathmac-both died of the plague

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618

622

635

643

661 668

679 685

Seachnasach-assassinated.
Cionfaola-succeeded his brother; murdered 674
Fionachta-Fleadha-murdered
Loingseach-killed in battle
Congal Cionmaghair-"a cruel persecutor
of the Irish Church, without mercy or dis-
tinction;" sudden death
Feargal-routed and slain in battle
Fogartach-slain in battle

Cionaoth-defeated and found dead on the
battle field

Flaithbheartagh-became a monk..

693

702

719

720

724

731

749

782

785

815

Aodh, or Hugh Alain-killed in battle..
Daniel-died on a pilgrimage at Joppa
Niall-Freasach-became a monk
Donagh, or Donchad-" died in his bed
Aodh, or Hugh-slain in battle
Connor, or Conchabhar-"died of grief,
being unable to redress the misfortunes
of his country
Niall-Caillie-drowned in the river Caillie.. 851
Turgesius, the Norwegian chief-possessed
himself of the sovereign power; "ex-
pelled the Irish historians, and burnt their
books;" made prisoner, thrown into a
lough, and drowned

Maol Ceachlin, or Malachy I.
Hugh Fionnliath

Flann Sionna...

Niall-Glundubh -"died on the field of

honour

Donnagh, or Donough

Congall-slain by the Danes at Armagh
Daniel-became a monk

Maol Ceachlin II.-resigned on the election
of Brian Boroimhe as King of Ireland..
Brian Boroimhe-a valiant and renowned
prince; defeated the Danes in the memo-
rable battle of Clontarf, on Good Friday,
1014; assassinated in his tent the same
night, while in the attitude of prayer. He
was 30 years king of Munster, and 12
king of Ireland

Maol Ceachlin II, restored
Donough, or Denis O'Brian, third son of the
preceding..

837

866

879

897

913

9511

954

974

904

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Presidents of United States-Emperors of Russia-Popes of Rome, &c. 85

Presidents of the United States of America.

Declaration of Independence .....4 July 1776
General Washington first President, 1789 and 1793
John Adams.

Thomas Jefferson
James Madison

James Monroe.
John Quincy Adams

1797

1801 and 1805 1809 and 1813 1817 and 1821 1825 General Andrew Jackson 1829 and 1833 Martin Van Buren.. 1837 Gen. William Henry Harrison (died 4 April) 1841 John Tyler (elected as Vice-President).... 1841 James Knox Polk

Gen. Zachary Taylor (died 9 July, 1850) 1849
Millard Fillmore (electe as Vice-President) 1850
General Franklin Pierce..
James Buchanan

...

1853 1857

Abram. Lincoln (assas. 14 Apr. 1865)1861 and 1865
Andrew Johnson (elected as Vice-President) 1865
General Ulysses S. Grant........ 1869 and 1873
Rutherford B. Hayes

1877
Gen. J. Abram Garfield (died 19 Sept., 1881) 1881
Gen. Chester A. Arthur (elected as V.-Pres.) 1881
Grover Cleveland

1845 Population in 1776, including slaves, 2,614,300.

Emperors of Russia.

1689 Peter I..

Population in 1881, all free, 50,152,866.

Popes of Rome.

1885

died 28 Jan. 1725

1725 Catherine I., Mistress of Peter,d.17 May 1727 1727 Peter II.

died 29 Jan. 1730

1730 Ann.

1740 Ivan IV.,imprisoned 1741, assassinated 1764
1741 Elizabeth
1762 Peter III.

died 29 Oct. 1740

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died 5 Jan. 1762

Clement XIV.

Ganganelli.

1769

assassinated 14 July 1762

1801 Alexander I.

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1775

Chiaramonti.

1800

Genga..

1823

Castiglioni

1829

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Capellari

1831

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Mastai-Ferretti

1846

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1796 Paul

Catherine II.,Wifeof Peter III.,d.17Nov. 1796 assassinated 24 March 1801 died 1 Dec. 1825 died 2 March 1855

1855 Alexander II. assassinated 13 March 1881 1381 Alexander III.

Germany Austria-Hungary.

Joseph I., Son of Emperor Leopold.
Charles VI., Brother of preceding..
Maria-Theresa of Hungary and Bohemia
Charles VII., Elector of Bavaria
Francis I., Husband of Maria-Theresa
Joseph II., Son of preceding
Leopold II., Brother of preceding...
Francis II. Last Emperor of Germany
Francis I. 3 First Emperor of Austria
Ferdinand (Abdicated)
Francis-Joseph (Nephew).

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Clovis, "The Hairy, "Kingof the Salic Franks 428 Bonaparte, Cambacérès, & Lebrun 24 Dec. 1799 Childeric III., last of the race

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