wards the common expenses Austria contri BELGIUM. butes to the extent of 68'6 per cent.; Hungary, King, Leopold II., born 9 April, 1835; se. 10 to that of 314 per cent. These common expenses are estimated for 1887 at 11,833,102. Each of the two countries has a separate President and Interior, Count Edward Taaffe. Defence, Count S. von Welsersheimb. That for Hungary: President and Interior, C. Tisza. £49,576,098 51,174,083 34.352,943 Dec., 1865; mar. 22 August, 1853, Marie Henriette, daughter of the late Archduke Joseph of Austria, b. 23rd Aug., 1836; issue three daughters. Heir Presumptive, his brother Philippe, Count of Agriculture Indust, & Works, Chev. A. de Moreau, Councillor, Count G. Errembault de Dudzeele. 310,228,340 First Secretary, Count Warner van den Steen 66,265,673 109,617,600 Direct imports from U. K., 1885 Direct exports to U. K., 1885.. Buda-Pest, 360,551. 788,380 2,165,252 1,231,000; British Ambassador, Right Hon. Sir Augustus Secretary of Embassy, Edmd. C. H. Phipps George William Buchanan Charles T. Maude.. Consul-Gen., Gustavus Nathan £8,000 850 500 405 420 405 400 Consul-Gen., François H. Lenders, 118, Bishops- Vice-Consul, H. de Grelle, 130, London Wall, E.C. habited by the Belga (a Celtic-speaking German On by a coalition of clericals and liberals. unp. Oct. 4, 1830, a National Congress proclaimed Belgian independence, and on June 4, 1831, Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was chosen hereditary king. 1,200 Trieste Cons., Capt. Sir R.F.Burton, K.C.M.G. 700 Austria is charged with the administration of the Turkish Provinces of Bosnia and the Herzegovina. These are situated between 42° 40' to 40° 15' N. lat. and 33° 22' to 38° 45' E. long. The Austrian garrison consists of 12,000 men, with a native gendarmerie of 2,000. An entirely Austrian administration has been established. The local Revenue (1886: L832,833) suffices for the cost of administration, but not for the maintenance of the army of occupation. CAPITAL, Serayevo (Bosna-Serai). Pop., 25,000. British Consul, Edward B. Freeman ..£700 BALUCHISTAN. Khan, Mir Khoádal Khán, 1856. Bounded by Afghanistan, Persia, the Arabian Sea, and the Sind frontier of India, Baluchistan has an area of about 106,000 sq. miles. The country is poor, but the trade is not unimportant. The population is about 500,000, and the Khan's revenue is not more than £30,000; in addition to which he receives, under the treaty of 1876, a subsidy of 100,000 Rs. from the British Government. Besides affording protection to merchants in his territories, the Khan is bound to oppose to his utmost all the enemies of the British Government, and to have no relations with other foreign States. Another clause of the treaty permits British troops to occupy such positions in his territory as may be thought advisable by the British authorities. Under this clause Quettah, which commands the Bolán Pass, was occupied in 1876, and British troops are still quartered there. CAPITAL, Khelát (Kalat). Agent to the Governor-General of India, Col. Sir Belgium extends from the North Sea and the mouth of the Scheldt to the German froutier, and is bounded on the north by the Netherlands, in the south by France. The Meuse and its tributary the Sambre divide it into two distinct regions, that in the west being generally level and fertile, whilst the tableland of the Ardennes, in the east, has for the most part a poor soil. Belgium has an area of 11,373 square miles, about equal to the four counties of Hertford, Lancashire, York, and Lincoln; its great harbour and commercial entrepôt is Antwerp, a strongly fortified city on the Scheldt. On the south the French frontier extends 184 miles; on the north, the Dutch, 168 miles; on the cast, Germany, 59 miles; Luxemburg, Grand Duchy, 80 miles; and a sea coast of 41 miles with the one harbour at Ostend. The polders' near the coast, which are protected by dikes against floods, cover an area of 193 square miles. The highest hill, Baraque Michel, rises to a height of 2,230 feet, and the mean elevation of the whole country does not exceed 536 feet. The principal rivers are the Scheldt (Escaut) and the Maas (Meuse). Brussels has a mean temperature of 50° F. (summer 63°, winter 37°). The population was 5,784,948 (December, 1884). It is consequently one of the most densely peopled countries of the world. It is divided into nine provinces, namely, Antwerp, Brabant, East and West Flanders, Hainaut, Liége, Limburg, Luxemburg, and Namur. BRUSSELS (403,389) is the capital. Other towns with over 100,000 inhabitants are Antwerp, the chief port (191,124), Ghent (140,926), and Liége (133,044). The population increases annually at the rate of 12 per cent. (1880-84). Immigration and Countries-Belgium-Bokhara, 439 £1,097,03; wool, £2,937.524; coffee, £224,350. Most of the maritime trade of Belgium is carried on in foreign bottoms, the mercantile marine only consisting (1884) of 64 vessels (51 steamers), 80,592 tons, in addition to which there were 305 fishing boats. In 1885 there were 2,711 miles of railway (1,931 miles being the property of the state); the telegraphs had a length of 3,724 miles, and the post-office carried 267 millions of letters, post-cards, &c. The navigable rivers have a length of 684 miles, the canals of 560 miles. Foreign emigration nearly balance each other (1841-84 473,277 emigrants, 407,732 immigrants), and since 1870 there has been an excess of immigrants. There are 1,002 females to every 1,000 males; and annually 30 births and 25 deaths to every 1,000 inhabitants. French is the official language and that of the apper classes, although Flemish is spoken by the majority, and preponderates in those parts of the country which have played the leading part in history, more especially in Flanders and Brabant, including Antwerp. In 1880 45 per cent. spoke Flemish, 40 per cent. French, 8 per eent, both Flemish and French. Nearly all the inhabitants are at least nominally Roman Catholies, and in 1880 there existed 1,259 convents, inhabited by 4,027 monks and 20,645 nuns. Edu-years; the franchise is limited to persons paying cation can hardly be said to be in a satisfactory condition, for in 1880 32 out of every hundred inhabitants of 15 years of age and upwards were unable to read; and of the recruits levied in 1883, 15 per cent. were in a similar condition. There are four universities-Ghent, Liége, Brussels, and Louvain-with (1884) 5.564 students, besides a famous Academy of Art at Antwerp, a Conservatoire of Music at Brussels, and numerous technical schools. copper. The Belgian constitution of 1831 jointly vests the legislative power in the King, the Senate, and the Chamber of Representatives. The 69 senators and 138 representatives are elected by the people, the former for 8, the latter for 4 annually 42 fres. (338.) in direct taxes, and the united constituencies only numbered 126,419 voters in 1885. There are in addition representative Provincial and Communal Councils, elected on a somewhat more liberal franchise, The army, on a peace-footing, consists of 58 battalions, 8 regiments of cavalry, 82 batteries, &c., and numbers 47,734 men: on a war footing it is raised to 114,407. It is recruited by conscription, the term of service being ten years, of which from two to four are passed with the colours. Exemption can be purchased for £72. There is also a Garde civique of 35,000 men. Antwerp is the principal fortress. Belgium has neither a navy nor colonies, but the King of the Belgians is at the same time" Sovereign of the Congo State. £12,815,997 12,760,404 84,092,855 13,876,556 15,070, 121 Belgium is essentially a manufacturing country, for although agriculture is carried on with much industry it is largely dependent upon foreign supplies for its food. The soil is divided (1833) among 1,164,874 proprietors. Of the total area 58 per cent. are under cultivation, 13 per cent, consists of meadows and pastures, 17 per cent. of forest. Rye, wheat, oats, potatoes, Public revenue, Budget, 1886. turnips, green crops, flax, and beetroot are the principal crops cultivated. In 1880, there were Public expenditure, Budget, 1886 271,974 horses, 1,382,815 cattle, 365,450 sheep, and Public debt, 1886, of all kinds 645,375 pigs. The mineral kingdom yields coal Imports from United Kingdom, 1885 (1883, 18,177.754 tons), iron, zinc, lead, and Exports to United Kingdom, 1885 The leading manufactures are fire- CAPITAL, Brussels. Pop., with suburbs, 403,389. arms (Liége), machinery (Seraing), iron and Brit. Minister, Hon. Hussey C. Vivian, C.B.£3,230 steel, glass (Charleroi), woollens (Verviers), Sec. of Legation, Martin le M. H. Gosselin and linen (Ghent), lace (Brussels, 2nd Sec., Hon. E. B. Lyon. Mechlin, and Bruges), hosiery (Tournai), beet-3rd Sec., George Broke sugar (Hainaut), paper, beer. The exports, in addition to these manufactures, include also corn, butter, eggs, vegetables, coal, buildingstones, hides, tallow, and rabbits. The imports of merchandize were valued in 1884 at £110,020,640, the exports at £106,257,220. This includes the transit trade, the imports for home consumption only amounting to £56,577,180, the exports of home produce to £53,086,400. France, Germany, and England take the lead in this foreign commerce. The exports to the United Kingdom in 1884 were valued at £15,146,175, the chief articles being cottons Vice-Consul, Thomas James Maltby BOKHARA. 500 330 250 unp. 1,000 unp. 150 150 Amir, Seid Abdul Ahad, succeeded 12 Nov. 1885. Once the most famous State in all Central Asia, but since the capture of Samarkand by the Russians, in May, 1868, scarcely more than a vassal-state of Russia. Bokhara, inclusive of its tributary territories of Shignan, Roshan, and Karategin, has an area of 92,300 square miles, with a population of 2,130,000. The Uzbegs, of Turkish extraction, are the dominant race, but the Aryan Tajiks are the aboriginal inhabitants of the country. Slavery has been abolished through the influence of Russia. The country produces corn and fruit, cotton, silk, wine, tocamels are numerous; gold, salt, alum, sulphur, bacco, and hemp. Sheep, horses, goats, and and coal are among the mineral productions. The Amu-Darya, which runs along the southern frontier of the country, is now navigated by Russian steamers, and a railway from Merv to the Oxus has been completed, and is to be extended through Bokhara to Samarkand. The capital, Bokhara, has 70,000 inhabitants. BOLIVIA, OR UPPER PERU, Republic of. President, Don Gregorio Pacheco, proc. 1 Aug., 1884. Minister for Foreign Affairs, J. Oblitas. The only State of South America without a seaboard, Autofagasta having been ceded to Chile in 1884. It was formerly comprised in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Columbia under the name of "Peru," and derives its present name from its great liberator, Simon Bolivar. It extends between lat. 8° to 23 S. and long. 57° 30' to 73° W., and occupies an area of 472,000 square miles. Its population is estimated at about 2,300,000. In the war against Chile, 1879, it equipped an army of about 6,000 men. The mineral productions are very valuable: the silver mines of Potosi are believed to be almost inexhaustible, while gold, partly dug and partly washed, is obtained on the eastern Cordillera of the Andes: copper, lead, tin, salt, and sulphur are also found. Its agricultural produce consists chiefly of rice, barley, oats, maize, cotton, cocoa, indigo, potatoes, the choicest fruits, cinchona bark, medicinal herbs, &c., which are also its principal exports; its chief imports being iron, hardware, and silks, A railway connects La Paz (26,000) with Aygacha, on the Lake of Titicaca. Public revenue, 1880-81 BRAZIL, EMPIRE OF. blood. It has a Constitution dated 25th March, 1826. Service in the army is compulsory, but substitutes are permitted. In 1885 the army consisted of 15,048 men on the peace footing,! and the navy of 59 vessels, inclusive of 9 ironclads, 17 gunboats, and 9 torpedo boats. Brazil contains 20 provinces, 16 of which lie along the coast, and in the interior. It is unequalled for the number and extent of its rivers: the Amazon, the largest, though not the longest, in the world, with its immediate tributaries; and the Tocantins, San Francisco, and others. Its forests are immense, abounding in the greatest variety of useful and beautiful! woods, some possessing a peculiar fragrance, well adapted for dyeing, cabinet-work, or shipbuilding; among these are mahogany, log. wood, rosewood, brazilwood, &c. Towards the interior the land rises by gentle gradations to! the height of from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and in those regions European fruits and grain are reared in abundance, while the intermediate valleys are found extremely favourable for the raising of sugar, coffee, cotton, cocoa, india-rubber, tobacco, and tropical products. Its agricultural produce is abundant; maize, beans, cassava-root, and nuts are very generally cultivated-also, in some parts, wheat and other European cereals. Cotton also is being largely cultivated for export. The minerals are very considerable and valuable, comprising gold, silver, iron, diamonds, topazes, £687,657 and other precious stones. The exports consist 652,227 solely of the raw produce of the soil, and owing 4,385,oco to the vast extent of the Empire, and the consequent very different peculiarities of the soil and climate, their nature varies considerably. Sugarcane is grown in large and increasing quantities in the northern provinces, Pernambuco being the centre of the sugar-producing zone. Indiarubber comes from the more northern provinces, especially Pará; and coffee, though also grown in the north, comes chiefly from the central portions of the empire, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Tobacco is grown largely, especially in Bahia. The imports consist of every description of manufactured articles, as the country possesses hardly any manufactories; all articles of clothing may be said to be imported. The customs duties, both on imports and exports, are enormous. In 1885 there were 3,800 miles of railway open, and 1,237 miles in course of construction." Length of telegraph wires in 1885 about 4,875 miles: number of Post Offices, Emperor, Dom Pedro II., born 2 Dec., 1825; suc. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Finance, Francisco Belisario Soares de Sousa. Secretary, Pedro de Araujo Beltrao, Granville 1,712. Public revenue, 1885-87... L15.155.236 16,054,890 24,419,900 internal, currency, &c... 80,296,723 Total imports, 1883-84 Censul-General in London, Baron de Ibiramirim, CAPITAL, Rio de Janeiro. Pop., about 350,000. 700 300 1,800 450 1,200 375 300 250 150 Foreign Countries-Bulgaria, Cambodia, Central America. Pernambuco-Consul. Augustus Cohen.... £1,200 Prince, BULGARIA. 1,000 Regents, Stamboulof, Mutkurof, & P. Karavelof. The Principality of Bulgaria is under the suzerainty of Turkey. It was created by the Treaty of Berlin, 13th of July, 1878, and was to have been governed by a Prince elected by the National Assembly or Sobranje, with a popular legislature and constitutional government. Prince Alexander of Batteuberg was duly elected 29th April, 1879, but having been removed at the instigation of Russia by a coup d'état, 21 April, 1886, he resigned the crown. On Nov. 10, 1886, the Sobranje, elected Prince Waldemar of Denmark, but that choice being objected to by the Emperor of Russia, the Prince declined the offer. Bulgaria is bounded on the north by Roumania, the Danube forming a boundary line, on the west by Servia, on the east by the Black Sea, and on the south by Eastern Roumelia, the Balkan Mountains here forming a physical frontier. The area within these limits is 24,700 square miles, with (1881) 2,007,919 inhabitants, of whom 70 per cent. are members of the Greek Church. Bulgaria con tains the five famous Turkish fortresses of Widdin, Bustchuk, Silistria, Schumla, and Varna; it has a regular army of 22,570 men on a peacefooting, and of 62,370 men, with 96 guns in time of war. There is a flotilla of 14 steamers on the Danube. The exports consist principally of grain, wool, skins, and timber; the imports of iron, coals, and manufactured goods. A railway, 139 miles in length, connects Rustchuk with Varna. Public revenue, 1885.. Total imports, 1884 Imports from the U. Kingdom, 1885.. 441 met at Constantinople in order to decide upon the King, Norondon. An ancient Kingdom in Further India, adjoining French Cochin-China, and consisting for the greater part of a fertile alluvial plain, traversed by the Mekong, and exceedingly productive of rice. The inhabitants are kin to the Siamese. The magnificent ruins of Angkor bear witness to the bygone glories of this kingdom, which accepted, in 1867, the "Protectorate of France. By a convention of August, 1986, the kingdom enjoys home rule, but the French hold the customs, and have the monopoly of the opium trade. The area is 32,380 square miles. Pop., 1,500,000. CAPITAL, Udeng. CENTRAL AMERICA, originally comprising one State, known, while in the possession of the Spanish Crown, as the Kingdom of Guatemala, but now divided into five independent Republics, viz., Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua (including, since the treaty of 28th January, 1860, the Mosquito territory), and Costa Rica, besides the territory of Belize, or British Honduras, situate upon the east side of the Peninsula of Yucatan. of North America; and the total area is calcu It comprises the southern part of the continent lated in round numbers at 175,865 square miles £1,384,916 (inclusive of British Honduras, 7,562 square 1419.854 miles; pop. 27,452), with a population of 2,855,000, 1,839,328 about a quarter of whom are whites, Creoles 1,939,176 of European parentage, the remainder Indians 71,368 and Mestizoes of mixed descent. From the 302,411 year 1525, when the country was conquered by Don Pedro de Alvarado, one of the companions of Cortes, to 1821, it remained subject to Spain, but in September of that year it effected its independence. A federal government was established, which, after some years of civil war, was upset in 1839, and the five confederated States above named proclaimed their absolute independence of each other. It possesses mines of gold, silver, copper, zinc, as well as other valuable mineral produce, with various marbles and other stone; but the real wealth of the country consists in the vegetable productions -woods, cotton, coffee, sugar, cochineal, indigo, cocoa, sarsaparilla, tobacco, &c. Imports from the United Kingdom,1885 £669,386 Exports to the United Kingdom, 1885.. 1,072,255 CAPITALS, Sofia, pop., 20,501; and Tirnova, pop. 11,247. British Agent and Consul-General, Sir Frank EASTERN ROUMELIA, 1,500 300 300 a creation of the Berlin Treaty of 1878, has an area of 13,862 square miles, with 976, 100 inhabitants in 1885, viz., Bulgarians, 682,757; Mussulmans, 200,499; Greeks, 42,516; Gypsies, 27,201; Jews, 6,993; Armenians, 1,867. The eastern boundary is the Black Sea; the south and west, a line from Cape Seityn, on the Black Sea, to the Rhodope Mountains, and then northward to the Rilo mountain. Among the products of the country are wheat, wine, tobacco, silk, and attar of roses. The live-stock is very considerable. Eastern Roumelia was designed to be an autonomous province, under a Christian GovernorGeneral appointed by the Porte, but effected its junction with Bulgaria by a bloodless revolution, September, 1985. The European Powers In the Board of Trade returns the amount of trade with each of the separate Republics of Central America is not now distinguished. British Minister to the several Republics of GUATEMALA, REPUBLIC OF. Minister to London, Señor Crisanto Medina Expenditure, 1885 (estimated).. £1,235,000 1,625,000 2,116,670 Total exports, 1884, L1,028,750; imports 683,958 £500 unp. COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC OF. President, General Don Bernardo Soto, March 12, 1885. Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ascension Esquivel. Minister in England and France, Señor Léon Fernandez (Paris). Consul-Gen, in London, J. A. Le Lacheur, 19, St. Swithin's Lane. The Republic of Costa Rica, the most southern State of Central America, extending across the Isthmus, between 82 17' to 11° 10' N. lat. and from 82' 30' to 85° 45′ W. long., contains an area of 19,985 English square miles, and a population (1884) of 210,177. The chief exports are coffee, sugar, caoutchouc, metals, sarsaparilla,, dye. woods, hides, cedar-wood, tortoise-shell, and fruits. The country is rich in minerals, but for want of capital and skilled labour the mines are almost unworked. The imports are dry goods, hardware, and provisions from the United States, Germany, and England. A railway from Limon, on the Atlantic, to Punta Arenas, on the Pacific, is being constructed, but only 110 miles have been completed. There is an armed force of 500 men, and a militia of 3,500. Budget, income, 1886 Budget, expenditure, 1886. Public debt, foreign (no interest paid).. 3,400,000 interest (1885) 733,733 Imports, 1884. Exports, 1884 CAPITAL, San José. Population, 13,484. British Consul, Cecil Sharpe Port Limon-Vice-Consul, J. H. Taylor .... unp. HONDURAS, REPUBLIC OF. 879,087 I £200 The Middle State of Central America, stretching in N. lat. between 13° 10′ and 16', and W. long. between 83° 10' and 88° 40': containing 42,658 English square miles, including a small portion of the Mosquito territory, and the Bay Islands in the Gulf of Honduras. The popula tion, in 1884, was 319,972, mostly of aboriginal blood. It has a coast line of nearly 400 miles on the Caribbean Sea, but only about 40 miles on the Gulf of Fonseca, on the Pacific side: the country is mountainous, being traversed by the Cordil leras. The products are mahogany, fruit, cattle, cotton, sugar, tobacco, coffee, indigo, sarsaparilla, hides and skins, india-rubber, cedar, fustic, rose and Lima wood. Its mineral wealth is great. The only railway (42-inch gauge) runs from Puerto Cortez to San Pedro Sula, 69 miles. A proposal to develop this into a ship-railway, connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific, has come to nought. Revenue, 1883-84 (estimated)... Debt (exterior) (no interest paid), nominal £273,285 235.799 156,000 5,990,108 CAPITAL, Tegucigalpa. Population, 12,000. Amapala-British Vice-Consul, J. Rössner, unpaid Omoa & Puerto Cortez-Cons..Jno. F. Debrot, np. Truxillo-Consul, William Melhado .............. unpaid NICARAGUA, REPUBLIC OF. President, Dr. Don Adan Cardenas, 1 March, 1883. The largest State of Central America, with a long seaboard on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, situate between 10° 45'-15° N. lat, and 83° 40'--87° 38′ W. long., containing an area of 51,660 English square miles, including a large portion of the Mosquito Territory, and a population, probably, of 400,000, of whom about 40,000 are whites, 20,000 negroes, the rest Indians and mixed blood. In 1886 there were 99 miles of railway open, with 830 miles of telegraph, connected with the Pacific cable from Mexico to Peru. Public revenue, 1884 £674,659 647,792 189.314 790,621 1,021,800 CAPITAL, Managua. Population, 9,000. population of about 25,000, is the largest city. SALVADOR, REPUBLIC OF. £611,824 611,824 Minister for Foreign Affairs, M. Delgado. Minister for England, José Maria Torres Caicedo, 613,882 Consul-Gen, in London, Luis Alexander Campbell. San Salvador, the smallest, though in point of population the second, of the Central American Republics, extends along the Pacific coast for 170 miles, with a general breadth of 43 miles. It contains an area of about 7,228 English square miles, and a population in 1883 of 613,273. The principal exports are coffee, indigo, tobacco, | sugar, silver, balsam (known as balsam of Peru), rice, hides, cedar, and fustic. Its mineral resources are not great, but rich veins of silver are President, General Luiz Bogran, Nov. 27, 1883. Minister of Foreign Affairs, Don Jeronimo Zeiaya. Consul-General in London, Guillermo Binney. |