Page images
PDF
EPUB

1.18

Standard Sizes (Cont.)

HYDRAULIC GATES (Continued)

HIGH-PRESSURE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY GATES (Continued)

[blocks in formation]

FOLLOWER

GATES

[blocks in formation]

RING- .18 Ring-follower gates, used primarily for emergencies, are usually placed upstream from a regulating valve or service gate, and are operated either in a fully opened or fully closed position. A ring-follower gate is a slide type with an extended leaf through which a circular hole equal in diameter to that of the conduit forms an unobstructed water passage when the leaf is in the open position. The operating mechanism is usually a hydraulic cylinder and piston connected to the leaf by a stem passing through a packing in the valve body. An assembly drawing of the 102-inch ring-follower gate is shown in Figure 25.

Design Considerations

Materials &
Working

Stresses

A. The design head on the leaf will be the static head plus water hammer that may occur on the area enclosed by the outside of the seat ring. The force required to start the gate opening will be this static head multiplied by the coefficient of starting friction between the leaf seal and body seat, usually taken as 0.6. The operating pressure in the hydraulic cylinder should be limited to about 750 psi and the cylinder should be designed for 1,000 psi.

B. The gate body is usually made of cast iron and is not designed to support the hydraulic load, which is carried by reinforcing in the surrounding concrete. Working stresses are governed by the same considerations discussed in Subparagraph 1.6B(5). The effect of size on the tensile strength of gray iron in shown in Figure 26.

RING-SEAL .19 Ring-seal gates are commonly used as either service or emergency gates in GATES penstocks located upstream from the turbines or in other conduits located upstream from regulating valves. They are used singly or in pairs; not, however, as regulating valves but in a fully opened or fully closed position.

A ring-seal gate consists of a roller- or wheel-mounted leaf, moved vertically

by an electric motor through a gear-reduction unit and a pair of threaded stems,
or by means of a hydraulic cylinder. An assembly drawing of the 86-inch
ring-seal gate is shown in Figure 27.

1.19A

HYDRAULIC GATES (Continued)

HIGH-PRESSURE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY GATES (Continued)

A. The upper portion of the gate leaf forms a bulkhead section to stop the flow of water; the lower portion forms a circular opening of the same size as the conduit to produce an unobstructed water passage with the leaf in the open position as in the ring-follower gate.

B. Complete closure of the leaf in the lower position is made by extending a movable ring seal, actuated hydraulically from the water pressure in the conduit, to contact a seat on the leaf. This ring seal is usually located in an annular recess in the gate housing and is placed concentric with and around the conduit opening into the gate body. However, some ring-seal gates are designed with the ring seal in the gate leaf instead of in the housing.

C. The housing is usually made of cast iron and is not designed to support the hydraulic loads, which are carried by reinforcing in the surrounding concrete.

D. The design head on the leaf will be the static head plus water hammer that may occur on the area enclosed by the center line of the seat ring. The force required to raise the gate will be the sum of the following:

Axle or roller friction
Track friction

Guide friction

The Gate
Leaf

Ring Seal

Cast-Iron
Housing

Design

Considerations

Weight of lifted parts.

E. The working stresses are governed by the same considerations discussed in Subparagraph 1.6B(5). The stress in steel parts, such as the threaded forged stem, seamless tubing, etc., should not exceed 75 percent of the yield point of the material when the breakdown load of the motor is taken in one stem.

F. Typical ring-seal gate designs are illustrated in the following drawings:

[blocks in formation]

Working Stresses

Reference
Drawings

.20 Jet-flow gates are designed for use as regulating gates either at the discharge end of, or at any intermediate point in, a conduit. The gate consists of a leaf moved vertically on wheels, by means of a motor, gear reduction unit, and a pair of threaded stems, with the leaf and surrounding housing shaped so that the water will issue from the orifice in a jet at all leaf positions. Details of this gate are shown on Figures 28 and 29.

A. The size and shape of the conduit are important elements in producing the
desired jet characteristics. From a point approximately one diameter
upstream from the face of the gate leaf the conduit is flared outward at a
slope of 1 in 12 to a diameter of 120 percent of the jet orifice. From this
point the nozzle is sloped at an angle of 45 degrees with the axial center
line of the conduit to produce a jet which will spring clear of the wheel
slots at the sides of the gate leaf and also impart a lift to the bottom of the
jet and decrease the impingement of the jet on the bottom of the downstream
conduit. A coefficient of 0.8 may be used to determine the quality of
discharge at the gate orifice.

B. To permit close and constant regulation the drive unit is usually a mechanical type instead of a hydraulic cylinder. The leaf is mounted on wheels to reduce friction. The design head on the leaf will be the static

JET-FLOW
GATES

Hydraulic Design Considerations

Mechanical Design Considerations

1.20C

Seal

Housing

Working
Stresses

HYDRAULIC GATES (Continued)

HIGH-PRESSURE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY GATES (Continued)

head plus water hammer that may occur on the area within the seal ring. The force required to raise the leaf will be the sum of the following:

Weight of lifted parts
Wheel rolling friction
Wheel axle friction

Seal friction.

C. Complete closure with the leaf in the lowered position is made by means of a constant contact seal against the upstream face of the leaf. The seal consists of a bronze wearing-ring vulcanized to a rubber diaphragm which is clamped to the downstream surface of the nozzle and is held in contact by the hydrostatic pressure of the water behind the seal.

D. The flow characteristics are such that the gate body and cover are subjected
to little, if any, water pressure downstream from the seal. The track which
is fastened to the body must be thick enough to resist bending induced by
the concentrated wheel loads, and the housing behind the tracks must be
built to distribute the wheel load uniformly to the concrete surrounding the
body.

E. The working stresses are governed by the considerations of Subparagraph
1.6B(5).

RADIAL
GATES

HINGED-TYPE GATES

.21 Radial gates are so named because they are made to the shape of a portion of
a cylinder and rotate about a horizontal axis. Normally, the water is against
the convex side; but in a few installations, the water load has been applied to the
concave side. The water load on the faceplate is carried by horizontal beams,
which are supported by two end beams. The end beams are supported by radial
arms, emanating from the pin bearings located at the axis of the cylinder. In
some cases, the weight of the gate and arms is partly counterbalanced to reduce
the size of the hoist required. This type of gate is used at dam spillways to
control flood storage and in irrigation canals to regulate the flow of water. A
typical radial gate for heads of 10 to 12 feet is shown in Figure 30.

Gate Members

A. A standard radial-gate installation consists of the following:

Design Symbols

Leaf, including faceplate, horizontal beams, and vertical side beams
Two arms

[blocks in formation]

B. The following symbols are used in designing standard radial gates:

[blocks in formation]
[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

C. In designating the size of a radial gate, the width, A, is given first, followed by the height, H. The height of a gate is the vertical projection of the distance from the sill to the top of the gate, and the head on all standard gates is assumed to be the same as the height.

D. Standard radial gates are designed to cover a 2-foot width differential and a 1-foot height differential. The radius of the inside of the faceplate is 1.250 times the minimum height, R = 1.25(H-1.0). The height of the pin is placed between one-half of the minimum head, H-1.0, and three-fourths of the maximum head, H. The pin height used for any specific gate installation is designated as Y on standard drawings of gate and wall plates and is given in the specifications.

E. The maximum length of arc is obtained for gate height H, and the pin
bearing set at maximum height, 0.75 H. The minimum length of arc is
obtained for gate height H-1.0, with pin bearing set at minimum height,
0.50(H-1.0). The difference between the maximum and minimum length
of arc equals the maximum value of E. This maximum value of E is given
on the standard drawing of the gate. For any height of gate between Hand
H-1.0 and any value Y between maximum and minimum, the dimension E
has to be calculated and is given on standard gate drawings and in
specifications.

F. The approximate water load on the gate is calculated from the formula
W 34 AH2. The resultant of the horizontal and vertical components of
the water load is assumed to act at a point located one-third of the head
above the gate sill and on a line through the pin bearings. The exact method
for determining the water load requires that the horizontal and vertical
components be calculated. From these, the resultant or total water load
can be determined. The direction of the resultant can best be found by
layout and will lie through the axis of the pin bearings.

G. The following shows the design stresses ordinarily used in designing
radial gates:

Design Symbols (Cont.)

Proportions of Gates

Design Considerations

Determination of Arc Length

Hydraulic
Forces

Design Stresses

[blocks in formation]

Minimum thickness of metal in plate and rolled section equals one-fourth inch, except that web thickness of horizontal beams may be less for more economical section.

1.21H

Design of
Gate Leaf

Design of Transverse Beams

Design of Side Beams

Design of
Arms

Design of Hub & Pin Bearing

Design of Pin-Bearing

Brackets

HYDRAULIC GATES (Continued)

HINGED-TYPE-GATES (Continued)

A standard gate is designed for the maximum head, H, and the maximum width, with the maximum pin height, 0.75 H. These conditions give the maximum load on the gate.

H. The effective thickness of the faceplate is taken as one-sixteenth inch less than the nominal to allow for corrosion. The faceplate is considered to be composed of beam strips, 1 inch wide and of length 1, equal to the distance between the flanges of the horizontal supports. The continuity of the beam strips over the supports is partially considered in the use of the formula for the moment, M = W1, where W is the total load on the strip. A

10'

thickness of plate is chosen to give a reasonable spacing of the horizontal beams, usually not less than 12 inches. The beam spacing increases progressively towards the top as the water pressure decreases.

=

I. The horizontal beams are designed as continuous over two supports with
uniformly distributed load. The formula for the bending moment is
W1(1-4K) in which W is the total water load over the section of
faceplate supported by the beam, 1 is equal to the width of the gate, Kl is
the distance from the center line of the side beam to the side of the gate.
The faceplate is not considered in determining the size of beam to be used.

8

J. The side beams are built up from plate and welded, one side of the beam
being curved to fit the faceplate. For the purpose of design, the side beams
are considered to be straight and of a length equal to the arc of the face-
plate. The load on each beam equals one-half the water load on the gate,
increasing uniformly, from top to bottom, as the head increases. Each
side beam is supported at two points by the gate arm. The distance to the
points of support is measured along the inside of the faceplate. In terms
of the length of arc the distance from the sill to the center line of the
bottom arm member is 0.123 L. The distance between center lines of
arm members is 0.4912 L. This spacing of the arm supports of the side
beam is based on an analysis of the moments in the beam (an overhanging
beam with two supports), such that the moment between the supports is
equal to the moment over either support but of opposite sign.

K. Each gate arm is composed of two members fastened to the side beams of
the gate leaf with rivet bolts. Each member is designed as a column with
an 17r ratio equal to or less than 120, where r is the least radius of
gyration. The lower arm carries a load of 0.31 W, and the upper arm
0.21 W, where W is the water load on the gate. The two members converge
and are connected to a hub.

L. Each hub is bushed with a bridge-bearing bronze bushing self-lubricated
with graphited inserts, the area of the inserts being equal to 20 percent of
the bearing area. The maximum allowable bearing pressure equals 3,500
psi. The load on each pin equals W/2. The pin is designed for bearing or
bending, whichever requires the larger size. Maximum allowable bending
stress in the pin equals 23,000 psi. Pins are made of SAE 1045 steel,
hot-rolled. Shearing stresses in the pin are very small.

M. Pin-bearing brackets are designed for a maximum bearing stress between pin and bracket lugs of 10,000 psi, and a maximum allowable bearing on concrete grout of 500 psi. Pin bearings are set so that the base is normal to the resultant force W. This eliminates the load on the anchor bolts when the gate is seated. The anchor bolts are designed for shear and tension and for bending and bearing on the concrete when the gate is in the raised position.

« PreviousContinue »