Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth

activity areas asthenosphere atmosphere atoms basalt batholiths beneath California carbon Chapter chemical weathering clay composed composition contain continental crust cooling core country rock crystal density deposits depth dioxide dolostone Earth Earth's crust Earth's surface earthquake electron elements energy environment eroded erosion eruptions example fault feldspar felsic FIGURE fossils fractures gases geologic geologists glacial glaciers granite groundwater heat igneous rocks intrusive ions iron island Lake lava flows layers limestone lithosphere mafic magma mass mass wasting material melting metamorphic rocks million minerals mountain move movement occur oceanic crust origin oxides oxygen P-wave particles Perspective Photo courtesy plagioclase planets plate boundary plate tectonic plutons pressure processes pyroclastic quartz radioactive region result S-waves sand sandstone sea floor sea level sediment sedimentary rocks seismic waves shoreline silicate silicate minerals slope soil solar solid spreading ridges stream structure subduction temperature texture Trench upper mantle valley velocity volcanic zone