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College.-The Giarnole di Roma of the 15th, continues to give accounts of new discoveries made in the excavations now going on in the ancient Via Appia. 'The works have now progressed as far as the fifth mile outside the town. Beautiful fragments of Roman Architecture have been again brought to light. Crowds of connoisseurs are constantly on the spot to examine the relics daily brought to view. It is stated that some valuable manuscripts relating to the early history of this continent, have been discovered lately in the library of the Dominican friars. Mr. Cass is endeavour. ing to have them obtained for his government. Those discovered, thus far, comprise 25 packages or volumes.A pot of gold has been found, underneath the surface of the ground, in Leicester, by some workmen. The pot contained gold coins of the reign of George III, consisting of 7s pieces, half-guineas, amounting in value to £28.-A late traveller among the Ionian Isles says, the first thing he met at Athens was a Greek girl selling Morrison's Pills." -The excavators at Fountain's Abbey have found 354 pieces of silver coins of the reigns of Philip and Mary, Queen Elizabeth, James I, and Charles I. They were concealed in one of the arches.A subscription has been set on foot to raise a "Nineveh Fund," to enable Mr. Layard to prosecute his researches, the funds provided by the British Government being exhausted. Prince Albert, the Earl of Ellesmere, and Sir J. Guest, have each subscribed £100.—At the meeting of the Royal Geographical Society last week, information was communicated that the Rev. D. Livingstone, Missionary in South Africa, had found another large lake, about 200 miles north of Lake Ngami, for the discovery of which he received last year the second prize of the society. The new lake contains several large islands, and is connected by a rapid stream called the Teoga, with Lake Ggami. At the date of the last advices, Mr. Livingstone was still proceeding northward.-Patents for Great Britain and Ireland have been taken out by Mr. Paine, of Worcester, United States, for his invention of water gas.-The building of the British Museum is now rapidly approaching towards completion, and the workmen are at present employed in putting up the railing in front of the court yard, and in preparing the pediment for the reception of the figures destined to adorn it. The subject of the group for the pediment is, "The Progress of Civilization." It has been executed In high relief by Sir R. Westmacott.During the past year 163 gold, 1295 silver, and 2067 copper coins, making a total of 3525, were added to the collection in the British Museum, partly by gift and partly by purchase.--The prizes awarded at the Great Exhibition will be distributed, it is understood, by the highest personage in the realm.Among the curiosities of industry which will be displayed at the Great Exhibition will be a silver tea-kettle, manufactured out of a fourpenny piece. The following inscription is displayed in the Crystal Palace :-"Das rauchen wird nicht erlaabt." "Il n'est pas permis de fumer." "Non e permesso di fumare." "No es permittido fumer." "Nao he permittido fumer." "No smoking allowed."-Some idea of the extent of the Chrystal Palace may be formed from this one fact, that to walk round the tables on which the articles are to be exhibited, is equal, at least, to making a journey of twenty miles.-The Emperor of Russia has commissioned his agents to purchase every model at the Great Exhibition, which may be useful to Russian manufactures. The Emperor intends to spend 10,000,000 silver roubles in such purchases.—The Russian Government has decided that the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of the Russian Empire, which, according to the historians of that country, dates from the year 852, shall be celebrated next year with the greatest pomp in all the cities and large towns of the European and Asiatic province of Russia. The system of franking letters by means of stamps is being introduced into the post office of Poland and Russia. —A remarkable instance of the divisibility of matter is seen in the dyeing of silk with cochineal: a drachm of which gives an intense color to a pound of silk, containing eight score threads to the ounce, each thread seventy yards long, and the whole reaching about one hundred and four miles.

Astronomical Discoveries.-Professor Bond, of Harvard University, has discovered what is supposed to be a third ring to the planet Saturn. It is interior to the two other, and therefore its distance from the body of Saturn must be small. The eighth satallite to this planet was also discovered by the Board two years ago. The Academy of Sciences of Paris has awarded the Lalande Medal to M. de Gasparis, for the discovery of a planet yet unnamed, and has divided the astronomical prize for the present year between that gentleman and Mr. Hind, of London, for the discovery of the planets Parthenope and Victoria. Since the above was written, the "planet yet unnamed" has received from M. Leverrier, at the request of Prof. Gasparis, the appellation of Egeria. It is the thirteenth planet or asteroid now known to exist between Mars and Jupiter, nine of which were discovered in the course of the last five years, and three in six months of 1850. The first of the thirteen was discovered on the first day of the last half century, and the thirteenth within a few weeks of its close. As a correct list of the names of all these planets cannot yet be found in any work on Astronomy, or even in that recently published volume entitled "The Discoveries of the Last Half Century," we subjoin the follow

ing:-Four of the thirteen were discovered in Great Britain, four in Italy, and five in Germany, by seven observers only-Mr. Hind and Prof. Gasparis having discovered three each, Dr. Olbers and Hencke two each, and Piazzi. Harding and Graham, one each. Metis, which was first seen by Mr. Graham at Mr. Cooper's Observatory, Markree Castle, Ireland, is believed to be the smallest of the thirteen, as when nearest it does not appear brighter than a star of the eleventh magnitude, whilst Vesta appears to the sixth.

LIST OF THE PLANETS BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER.
Discovered by

Name. 1. Ceres.

2. Pallas.

3 Juno. 4. Vesta.

5. Astraca. 6. Hebe. 7. Iris. 8. Flora. 9. Metis. 10. Hygeia. 11. Parthenope. 12. Victoria. 13. Egeria.

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The Statistics of the Press in

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Hind. Gasparis.

London.

66

Markree, C. Ire.

Naples.

64

London. Naples.

Prussia and Bavaria.—The

following statistical account is given of the periodical press in Prussia :— Up to June of last year there existed within the Prussian monarchy 809 periodical publications. Of newspapers there were 159 conservative and ministerial; 201 belonging to the opposition; and 167 neutral or undecided. Since the new law on the press, promulgated in June, 137 journals have ceased to exist, of which 15 were conservative, 98 opposition, and 24 neutral; 9 conservative papers, 70 opposition, and 18 neutral, could not give the pecuniary securities required by the new law; 12 opposition journals perished by the withdrawal of the right to be sent through the post, and 28 were extinguished by want of subscribers. Of seientific, technical, and literary periodicals, there were 282 in all. On an average there is in Prussia one periodical to every 20,186 inhabitants: bus in some districts the proportion is one to 90,935, and in one to 102,341. In Bavaria, there are 58 political and 120 other periodicals, of which 17 are religious and 2 devoted to education.

The French Library in 1850.-According to the Journal de Libraire, the number of books, pamphlets, &c., of all kinds printed in France during the year 1850 was 7,208 In Paris, 4,711 works were published; in the departments 2,460, and in Algiers 37. Of the whole, 1,360 works and pamphlets were reprints or new editions; 5,848 were new works, 6,611 were in French. 68 in provincial dialects, 53 in German, 61 in English, 2 in Arabic, 61 in Spanish, 83 in Greek, 9 in Hebrew, 16 in Italian, 165 in Latin, 14 in Polish, 16 in Portuguese, 4 in Roman, 1 in Russian, 2 in Turkish, 2 polyglott books. They comprised also 281 journals, partly new and published during the year of 1850, of which 79 have been printed and have appeared in the departments, and 73 were lithographed pamphlets. 2,697 engravings and lithographs were published during the year; also, 122 geographical charts, 579 pieces of vocal music, and 625 works of instrumental music in copper-plate and lithographed.

Unique Collection.-Among the recent advertisement in The Times is one of an entire column announcing for sale a very extensive and matchless Collection, containing 31,000 Historical Manuscripts and Autograph Letters, dated from 1473 to 1848, Henry VII. to Queen Victoria, Louis XI. to Prince Louis Napoleon, President Washington, U. S. to President Polk; also the Kings, Queens, Princes, Rulers, and eminent persons of twenty other nations, arranged alphabetically and illustrated with their portraits, in more than 100 folio volumes and sections many of the Commonwealth of England, the Revolution of 1668, the Republic, the Consulate, and the Empire of France, the French and other Revolutions of 1848. There are papers, &c., of all the Presidents of the United States from George Washington-the MSS. being narratives of events, and the work of art remembrances of them; and his 30 years research has forced the advertiser, being anxious to select two great men, of different nations, as his particular heroes, of pronounce for the immortal William Shakspeare, and the great unique Emperor Napoleon. There are 31,000 autograph letters, notes, papers, or signatures of eminent persons of nearly all nations; dated from the year 1473 to 1848. They are fixed by the edge opposite about ten thousand portraits and crests of the writers in more than one hundred folio volumes and sections, averaging nearly 300 autograps and 100 portraits. Of the papers written or signed by the Emperor Napoleon, his father, mother, his Empresses, his son, and the Kings, Queens, Princes, and Princesses, belonging to his family, there is an unheard of collection. These alone far exceed 1,000 of consecutive dates, from 1793 to 1819, and as the collector would like the collection to be kept entire, he consents to accept £15,000 for it, (one half the cost.) Two-thirds, or more, of the amount may not, if so desired, be paid in cash; an approved estate would be taken.

Editorial and Official Notices, &c.

THE LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT OF THE SCHOOL FUND FOR 1851. -We had hoped to have been enabled, in this number, to announce the apportionment of the legislative school grant for 1851, to each county, township, city, town, and incorporated village in Upper Canada; but for the reasons stated in the departmental circular, published in the March number of this Journal, page 43, we have not been able to do so. The apportionment will, if possible, be notified in the number for next month, when the necessary instruction relative to the basis of distribution to be adopted by local superintendents the current year, will be announced. Answers to numerous inquiries of correspondents on this and kindred subjects will, therefore, be included in those instructions.

AGENTS FOR THIS JOURNAL IN THE EASTERN PROVINCES.-The Rev. ROBERT A. TEMPLE. of Richibucto, New Brunswick, and JoHN W. SMITH, Esq., P. M., Amherst, Nova Scotia, have kindly consented to act as agents for the Journal of Education for their respective provinces.

THE COUNTY WARDEN

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And Municipal Officers' Assistant. By THOMAS S. SHENSTON, Esq., J. P., Woodstock, 1851. 8vo., pp. 111. This publication present one of the mosts complete and admirably arranged synopsis of municipal acts and municipal duties ever published in Canada. The parliamentary "rules," on pages 97-99. together with the forms" on pages 101-105, are invaluable to the members of the county and township municipalities: while the "tables." and "ready reckoner," on pages 106-111, will save an immense deal of very tedious labour on the part of county and township clerks. This portion of the work would also be of great service to common school trustees, in enabling them to make out their rate bills easily and expeditiously. We cordially recommend it.

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The First Reading Book. 33 sheets.

Authorised by the Council of Public Instruction for Upper Canada, and published by BREWER, MCPHAIL & Co.

The character of these publications is already firmly established. The only objections we have heard urged against them is the frail nature of the binding. This complaint having been formally laid before the Council of Public Instruction, a letter was addressed to the publishers on the subject. The reply cannot but be satisfactory. It is as follows:-

"We received your communication of the 9th instant, containing a copy of a letter from a gentleman, asking to be furnished with explanations concerning certain com plaints made in said letter, in order to lay them before the Council. We have now the honour of complying with the request.

The first complaint made, is, that the binding of the National Books is so frail that they literally drop to pieces with a few months use."

There are five or six houses in Canada publishing the National Series, and we believe, or rather have heard, that some editions are exported from the United States. Our editions being in general circulation, to supersede them the prices were lowered by other publishers; in order therefore to keep our works in circulation, we were compelled to sell them at the reduced rates, consequently the books could not be as well bound as if a better remuneration could be obtained. This is the first complaint of that nature we have had. We lind cur school Looks as firin and as strong as the competing price will adunt of. If persons will have cheap boots, they must not expect the same quality as those for which a fair price is paid. We do not know, however, nor does the complainant state, that the hundreds of looks were of our publication; they might have been of any of the five other publishers. We sell large quantities of our publications in saeets to various persons in Cauada, who bind then themselves; thus, you will perceive, whilst there are so many publishing and binding, we cannot be held generally responsible. "We regret that it should be necessary to complain of our works, if they are at fault in this respect; and we do not know how otherwise to meet the wishes of your correspondent, than to have a quantity of each of the National Books bound in a superior manner for the use of the schools. We will do so. The price of course will be more than the present rates, and yet they will be within the limits fixed by the Council. Should therefore your correspondent or others desire strongly bound books, we will supply them.

"Complaint second is directed particularly to our publication, and it is in regard to ⚫ errors and misprints' in the small Arithmetic. This appears to be the case, yet our copy is an exact transcript of the Dublin edition, word for word, figure for figure. We have before us the Irish edition; we find the questions the same as in ours-the answers also. We turn to the Irish Key, and we find the answers given in it to correspond with those produced from the questions, as in the Arithmetic. We find the answers given by your correspondent to be correct, yet differing from those given in the Key. The errors and misprints' have crept into the Dublin edition; ours, being an exact copy, has the the same. A gentleman who has worked through the whole book intends handing us, this morning, a corrected copy. We will have all the errors brought before our notice removed; and we trust that future editions will be satisfactory in this and in every other respect."

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4. ACTS RELATING TO THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF RHODE ISLAND, &c., 1817. 8vo, pp. 79.

5. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, RHODE ISLAND, 1830. 8vo., pp. 9.
G. REPORT ON THE POOR AND INSANE IN RHODE ISLAND, 1851. By Thomas R.
Hazard. 8vo., pp. 119.
Hon. G. R. Potter.

7. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT ON THE COMMON SCHOOLS OF VERMONT, 1947. 8vo.. pp. 52.

8. CIRCULAR TO THE TOWN SUPERINTENDENTS OF VERMONT. By the State Superintendent, April, 1850. 8vo., pp. 8.

9. FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE COMMON SCHOOLS OF VERMONT, 1850. Ero., pp. 48. 10. AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE EDUCATION OF YOUTH, AND THE FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION, STATE OF MAINE, 1853. Svo., pp. 52 & 103. Hon. E. M. Thurston.

11. REPORT OF THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NEW JERSEY, 1849. Svo., pp. 312.

12. REPORT OF THE STATE SUP'T OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NEW JERSEY, 1850. Evo., pp. 113. Hon. Theodore F. King.

13. FIRST REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF GIRARD COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS, &c., 1848. 8vo., pp. 48.

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18. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE ON THE CONDITION OF COMMON SCHOOLS OF THE STATE OF Oо, 1850. 8vo., pp. 112. Hon. Henry D. King.

19. MESSAGE OF THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 1851. 8vo., pp. 23. P. H. Gegan, Esq. 20. MINUTES OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF YORK, January, 1851. 4to. pp. 48. The County Clerk. 21. A PRIMARY ASTRONOMY. By Rev. Hiram Mattison, 1851, 12mo., pp. 163. The Author,

22. MANUEL GENERAL DE L'INSTRUCTION PRIMAIRE, JOURNAL HEBDOMIDAIRE DES INSTITUTEURS. Paris, 1851. 4to., pp. 12. 23. REVUE DE L'INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE EN FRANCE ET DANS LES PAys EtrangerS. Recueil Mensuel. Paris, 1851. 4to., pp. 16.

JOURNAL d'EDUCATION.-Cette feuille, publiee dans le HautCanada, remplit toujours habilement sa mission Toujours elle renferme quantité de matières très instructives et très intéressantes Ceux qui sont familliers avec la langue anglaise devraient se la procurer —Le Moniteur Canadien.

Le Journal d'Education du Haut-Canada nous paraît bien remplir sa mission et nous pouvons le recommander vivement à ceux qui lisent 1 anglais et s'intéressent aux matières dont il traite. Le prix de l'abonnement n'est que 5 chelins par année. Le Semeur Canadien

Special Acknowledgments on behalf of the Journal of Education. From the Clerk of the County of Peterboro', £21 12s. Cd.; Clerk, County of Carleton, £21 11s. d.; Clerk, County of Norfolk, £3 15s. Od.; County Clerk, Sandwich, £1 5s. Od.; T. W. Nash. Esq., £1 158. Od.; Clerk, Township of Waterloo, £2 10's Od; J. W. Smith, Esq.. Amherst, Nova Scotia, £1 08. d.; Rev. R. A. Temple, Richibucto. N. B., £2 10s. 01. ; Clerk, Township of Osnabruck, £3 158. d.; Clerk, Township of Woolwich, £I 10s. Cd.; Board of Trustees, Hamilton, £3: Board of Trustees, Prescott, £1; A. Macdonnell, Esq., £I; Rev. T. J. Hodskin, £1 158. Od.: Rev. J. Porteous. 1; Mrs. J. L. Biggar, £1 5s. Cd.; D. P. Macdonald, Esq., £1 13s.; Rev. J. Baird, £1 15s.; Benj. Hayter, Esq., R. N., £1 15s.

SCH

CHOOL WANTED, by a Teacher who has attended the Normal School, Salary, about £75. Respectable references can be given. Address, (post paid,) to L. W., Box 9, Post Office, Toronto. N. B. A school in the County of York would be preferred.

WANTED a qualified TEACHER for School Section No. 3,

McGillivray. Apply to JAMES BARBER, Secretary Trustee. 21st April.

NATIONAL SCHOOL BOOKS.
JUST PUBLISHED,

(BY AUTHORITY OF THE COUNCIL OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR UPPER CANADA,) 8. d.

A Treatise on Arithmetic in Theory and Practice. Price, per doz., 22 6 Sequel to 2nd Book of Lessons, per doz., 60

THE

THE Subscribers keep constantly on band a large supply of the authorised editions of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Book of Lessons: 1st Arithmetic, Lennie's, Kirkham's, and National Grammars; Morse's Geography, &c.

April 24, 1851.

BREWER. McPHAIL, & Co.,

46, King Street, East, Toronto.

TORONTO: Printed and Published by THOMAS HUGH BENTLEY. TERMS: For a single copy, 5s. per annum; not less than 8 copies, 4s. 4'd. each, or $7 for the 8: not less than 12 copies, 4s. 2d. each, or $10 for the 12; 20 copies and upwards, 3s, 9d. each. Back Vols. neatly stitched supplied on the same terms. subscriptions to commence with the January number, and payment in advance must in all cases accompany the order. Single numbers, 7 d. each.

All communications to be addressed to Mr. J. George Horgins,
Education Ofce, Toronto.

All

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III. MISCELLANEOUS. 1. Love, Hope and Patience in Education. 2. A Beautiful Thought-(Poetry). 3. Moral Training of Pupils. 4. Opening of the Great Industrial Exhibition in London, May 1st, 1851. 5. Milton. 6. Statistics relating to the North West Passage,

IV. EDITORIAL. 1. Objections to the Free School System in England, 2. Progress of Education in Nova Scotia. 3. Extracts from Local Superintendents Reports (concluded)....................

V. Apportionment of the Legislative School Grant to the Townships, Cities, Towns, and Incorporated Villages in Upper Canada, for the year 1851-** 1. Circular to Clerks of Counties. 2. Circular to Clerks of Cities, Towns, and Villages, notifying the above,

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VI. EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE. 1. Canada. 2. New Brunswick. 3. British and Foreign. 4. United States, .

VI. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE,

VIII. EDITORIAL AND OFFICIAL NOTICES. 2. Advertisements,

MODERN SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION AND THEIR

FOUNDERS.

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HENRY PESTALOZZI, OR PESTA LUZ.-BORN, 1745, DIED, 1827,
ETAS 82.
No. II.

Henry Pestalozzi was born at Zurich, in the German part of Switzerland, on the 12th of January, 1745. His family, we are informed by his biographer, Dr. Biber, belonged to the "honoratiores;" that is, to what we would call, in this country, to the gentry. His parents, however, were far from being opulent; and by the premature death of his father, a physician by profession, he was left an orphan at the early age of five years. Such a misfortune was doubly disadvantageous to young Pestalozzi. His remaining parent, however, nobly performed her part-nor were his father's family

and friends neglectful of their duty; advice and assistance were cheerfully given, and young Pestalozzi was prepared in due time for entering into a profession suitable to the rank held by his father. His early and constant companions were a fond and devoted mother, and an old, faithful, and attached female domestic, called Barbara, To these circumstances he owed, perhaps, much of that gentle, and almost feminine disposition, which distinguished him through life. His secluded education naturally led him into peculiarities of habit and character, which his youthful associates soon discovered, and not unfrequently ridiculed. But while they distinguished and addressed him by the name of Harry Oddity, they always found something about him which repressed their ridicule, and awakened in them sentiments of regard and respect,

His feminine turn of mind, and a want of dexterity and physical energy, unfitted him for joining in the active games, the eager pursuits, and the wild and boisterous sports in which schoolboys delight; nor had he any desire even for distinction in such exercises. But though he felt indifferent, and even disinclined to participate in their pursuits, yet he was often known to undertake cheerfully, and perform resolutely, what the boldest of them all would have feared to attempt. One instance of this may suffice. In the great earthquake of 1755, which was so severely felt in Switzerland, the house in which little Pestalozzi and his school-fellows were assembled shook so terribly, that the teachers ran out almost over the heads of their pupils. After their first terror had subsided, they ventured to return for their hats, books, and other articles, which they had abandoned in their flight; but the only one who had courage to re-enter the building for the purpose, was our youthful hero-Harry Oddity.

It does not appear that Pestalozzi was distinguished in his schoolboy days by any decided mark of intellectual superiority; nor was the dull drudgery of a grammar school calculated to arouse his latent energies. His taste and his talents inclined him to philology, and the acquisition of languages; and these studies, combined with the

religious feelings which maternal piety had early and effectually impressed upon his mind, naturally led him to select the church as a profession.

Among other speculations, the subject of education did not escape him; and his ingenious and discerning mind soon led him to discover the defects and errors of the prevailing systems. He held, and held truly, that the end of all education is, to prepare and adapt mankind for their respective duties and peculiar pursuits in life: and comparing this principle with the facts around him, he could not avoid concluding that the prevailing systems of education, not only of the people, but of their guides and rulers also, were radically erroneous. His views on this subject he published in a pamphlet on the bearing which education ought to have upon our respective callings in life.

After qualifying himself under the direction of Tschiffeli for conducting an agricultural establishment, he expended the small patrimony which his father had left him in the purchase of a tract of waste land in the neighbourhood of Lenzburg, in the Canton of Berne, on which he erected a dwelling-house with the necessary out-buildings. To this establishment he gave the name of Newhof —that is, the new farm. With all the vigour and energy of a young man of twenty-two, Pestalozzi applied himself to the cultivation of his estate-which indeed to deserve that name required years of persevering industry and prudent management.

This may be regarded as the happiest period of his life. His agricultural enterprise succeeded to his entire satisfaction; and his happiness was completed by his marriage with Anne Schulthess, a young lady as distinguished for her beauty as she was for her accomplishments and talents.

This marriage put Pestalozzi into possession of a large share of an extensive cotton manufactory, of which the father of his wife had been the principal partner. Pestalozzi, as might be expected, applied himself with diligence and zeal to the management of a business which was expected to prove a source of national prosperity. This connexion brought him into contact with the manufacturing classes; and this led his active and inquiring mind to compare their condition with that of the agricultural portion of society, with which his previous occupation had made him perfectly acquainted. The errors of the prevailing systems of education he had previously pointed out in the essay which he had given to the public and now that his means enabled him, he determined to put into practice the reforms he had recommended. With this view he converted his establishment into an asylum for the reception of fifty destitute children; and to enhance the value of the results which he hoped to obtain, he selected them from the very dregs of the people. His object was to lay the foundation of a reform in the education, and consequently in the character and condition of the people at large. Such was his benevolent intention; but he unfortunately failed to carry it into execution.

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But even this failure was productive of much good. More than one hundred children were rescued by it from ignorance, degradation, and vice. It also supplied Pestalozzi with a rich store of experience, which was of the greatest service to him in his future plans and operations.

During his residence at Newhof, he published several interesting works on popular education. The first, "Leonarde and Gertrude," a kind of novel for the people, was written with a view to deposit in it the knowledge he had acquired of the condition of the lower classes, and the experience he had gained in attempting their improvement. As a novel this book was very generally read and admired, but the moral of it was disregarded. Even those who entered most into the author's meaning, said "Indeed, if there were many mothers like Gertrude, many schoolmasters like Gluelphi, and many magistrates like Arnheim, the world would be in far better case "-and there the matter ended..

As this work exemplifies the system of Pestalozzi, we take from it copious and interesting extracts. Gluelphi, a reduced officer, under the patronage of Arnheim, the lord of the manor, undertakes the re-organization of the village-school; and having been introduced to the villagers as their new schoolmaster by Arnheim and the pastor on Sunday, after sermon, he announced his intention of opening the school on the following morning.

"The minister had sent on Sunday evening to all the houses, to say that all the children were to be at the school-room precisely at eight o'clock; yet at half-past nine there were still a great many

wanting, from the disorderly families, and from the houses of some of the magistrates. With the exception of those whom their parents accompanied from curiosity, the children of Gertrude, and those of another orderly family who came with her, were the only ones that arrived quite in time. Meanwhile, the whole village was in the greatest suspense, till they should know what new fashions Gluelphi was going to introduce into the school, and for several days past this had been the great topic of their discussions. This was the reason, too, why the brawlers were so unwilling to leave the schoolroom. There was nothing extraordinary, however, in this general excitement, considering that a lathe, a carpenter's bench, a small forge with an anvil, a great number of work-boxes, and a variety of other articles of the same kind, intended for the school, had been sent from the 'castle and the parsonage house. Indeed, it had been Gluelphi's plan to connect, at the very outset, all his instruction with different sorts of manual employment; but Gertrude soon convinced him that it was impossible, at first, to take anything in hand, except what the children had been accustomed to, however little it might be, and however badly learned. The lathe, bench, work-boxes, &c., had accordingly been left, for the present, in the parsonage house, and Gluelphi began his operations by examining the children in what they knew already. In giving him this advice, Gertrude added, that such a proceeding would afford him at the same time the best opportunity of finding out what they knew, and how they knew it, and thereby of forming an estimate of their capacities, their acquirements, and their dispositions. This he found actually to be the case.

"Such absence of all feeling among the children was more than Gluelphi could endure; particularly, as he saw that some of them were instigated to behave with insolence. But even from those who were not, it was impossible to elicit one idea or feeling on the subjects contained in their books. There was not even the slightest glimmer of a wish to understand what they repeated, and the greater and more sacred the import of what ran from their lips, the more unfeeling and stupid were their looks. It was in Gertrude's children only that he discovered a corresponding impression of the mind in the recital of their texts. They were the only children in the school that possessed the power of expressing their thoughts. All these observations together began to ruffle his temper, in spite of all the resolutions he had formed. After the first half-hour of the examination, he stood before the children with a wry face and a eross look, and he began himself to have ill bodings of his success. To say one word in that spirit of maternal solicitude and kindness by which Gertrude encouraged her children, seemed with such a mass almost impossible, and yet he knew that without this he could never produce any effect. He felt not at all at home in the schoolroom, and began to be fidgety and uneasy; and the more he saw that the children had been set against him, the more unpleasant did his feelings become. Gertrude too felt more uncomfortable that morning than she had ever felt in her own room. She was pained to see Gluelphi so bewildered, but she was herself at a loss what to do; and when the clock struck twelve, they both left the school, evidently vexed at the ill success of their first morning.

"The afternoon was less trying; for Gluelphi had collected himself in the interval, and finding that by giving way to the impressions he had received, he had incapacitated himself for the right performance of his duty in the morning, he made a serious effort to arm himself better against any unpleasant occurrences that might await him. He had some conversation too with Gertrude, the result of which was that she proposed the introduction of another volunteer assistant, whose presence, even for a few days, she thought would be of great service. The person whom Gertrude had in view was 'Cotton Mary,' the daughter of a master-spinner in Bonnal.

The point being settled, Mary seated herself behind a desk, and said, 'What should you say, children, if I were to stop a few days, and help the lieutenant to keep school?'

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"All the children knowing her, exclaimed- Oh, that would be very nice indeed!'

"Mary. But how is it? Will you promise to be obedient?' "Oh yes! Oh yes!' exclaimed the children; and some added, 'Oh, we know you, and you need only make us a sign, we shall understand at once what you mean."

"Mary. But don't you understand the master as well, if he makes you a sign?'

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But with Gertrude you may, mayn't you?'

"Children.-'Not quite.'

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Mary.- Well! I'll teach you before the day is over to understand them, and to talk with them as freely as you do with me.'

"And so saying, she turned to the lieutenant, and said, 'Now, sir, if you please, you may ask them, one after the other, whatever you like. I shall see whether they cannot answer you as freely and cheerfully as if I were asking them.'

"The lieutenant took the hint, and began to ask now one child, and then another, all manner of questions, just as they happened to come into his head; and if any child was backward in answering, Mary went and took him laughing by the hand, or by the hair, or by the ears, and said 'Come, come, be quick, say what you think about it; never mind! Only be free and cheerful! It lasted not a quarter of an hour, before several of the children felt quite easy, and began to give lively answers; and they thought it very funny that Mary should thus take them by their ears, or by their hair, and oblige them to look up and to speak out. Some of them soon became merry; their answers grew shrewd and witty, to the great delight of Mary and of the lieutenant, who made them repeat some of the quaintest answers aloud, so that all should hear them. This set the whole school laughing; all reluctance soon disappeared; and those who had been the most timid were now most ready to answer. Gluelphi was very much struck to see that those who from insolence had been most forward to speak, became more considerate and retired, in proportion as the better children became more free and easy.

"Gluelphi saw that Mary owed much of her influence over the children to the familiarity and kindness of her manner and address, and he endeavoured to profit by the example. He succeeded beyond his expectations, and having once established a fellow-feeling between himself and his pupils, he found it much easier to preserve that evenness of temper which he felt to be so essential in his position. "Gertrude and Gluelphi did, from morning to night, all in their power to preserve the confidence and affection of the children. They were constantly assisting them with kindness and forbearance. They knew that confidence can only be attained by an union of power and love, and by deeds which claim gratitude in every human bosom; and accordingly they endeavoured daily more and more to attach the hearts of the children to them, by conferring upon them numberless obligations in a spirit of active charity.

"Gluelphi was deeply impressed with the truth, that education is not imparted by words but by facts. For kindling the flame of love and devotion in their souls, he trusted not to the hearing and learning by heart of passages, setting forth the beauties of love and its blessings, but he endeavoured to manifest to them a spirit of genuine charity, and to encourage them to the practice of it both by example and precept."

These extracts present a true picture of the Pestalozzian plan of instruction, drawn by the author himself. Nor does this picture contain either embellishment or high colouring. All that Gluelphi is represented to have done, Pestalozzi himself performed.

But we pass on to his next and great experiment in education. Stanz, the capital of Underwald, was, in the month of September, '98, laid in ashes, because the patriotic inhabitants of the land of Tell had refused to bow before the fierce democracy of France. They had refused to incorporate their canton with the Helvetic republic established by the armies of France, and the consequence was, that their towns were laid in ashes, and their valleys left desolate. It was under these circumstances that Pestalozzi was sent by the government, on the recommenation of his friend Legrand, one of the directors, to open an asylum for the reception and education of orphan and other destitute children.

The following is his own account of the opening of the asylum at Stantz, as given in a letter to his friend Gesner :

"Through Legrand I had some interest with the first Directoire for the promotion of popular education; and I was prepared to open an extensive establishment for that purpose in Argovie, when Stantz was burned down; and Legrand requested me to make the scene of misery the first scene of my operations. I went I would have gone into the remotest cleft of the mountain to come nearer to my aim, and now I really did come nearer. But imagine my position. Alone, destitute of all means of instruction, and of all other assistance,

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I united in my person the offices of superintendent, paymaster, steward, and sometimes chambermaid, in a half-ruined house. I was surrounded with ignorance, disease, and with every kind of novelty. The number of children rose by degrees; all of different ages; some full of pretensions; others trained to open beggary; and all, with a few solitary exceptions, entirely ignorant. What a task! to educate, to develop these children--what a task!

"I ventured upon it. I stood in the midst of these children, pronouncing various, sounds, and asking them to imitate them: whosoever saw it, was struck with the effect. It was true it was a meteor which vanishes in the air as soon as it appears. No one understood its nature: I did not understand it myself. It was the result of a simple idea, or rather of a fact of human nature which was revealed to my feelings, but of which I was far from having a clear consciousness." In the midst of his pupils, Pestalozzi forgot that there was any world besides the asylum. And as their circle was a universe to him, so he was to them all in all. From morning to night he was the centre of their existence. To him they owed every comfort and every enjoyment; and whatever hardships they had to endure, he was their fellow-sufferer. He partook of their meals, and slept among them. In the evening he prayed with them, and from his conversation they dropped into the arms of slumber. At the first dawn of day, it was his voice that called them to the light of the rising sun, and to the praise of their Heavenly Father. All day he stood amongst them, teaching the ignorant and assisting the helpless, encouraging the weak and admonishing the transgressor. His hand was daily with them joined in theirs; his eye, beaming with benevolence, rested on them. He wept when they wept, and rejoiced when they rejoiced. Ho He was to them a father, and they were to him as children. Love, then, parental love, is the foundation of the Pestalozzian system of education; and to this he owed almost all his success.

Before a twelvemonth had elapsed, this interesting experiment was abruptly terminated, by the entrance into and possession of Stantz by the Austrians.

Disappointed and repressed by the failure of his hopes, when he had all but realized them, Pestalozzi withdrew into the solitude of his native Alps. But he did not long indulge in contemplation. His mind was too active for this. He therefore again determined to resume his twice-interrupted experiment. In consideration of his former services, and with a view to enable him to prosecute his plans and enquiries, the Helvetic government gave him a pension of £30 per annum, which they afterwards increased to £100.

Shortly after this he was employed by the Helvetic government to re-organize the school of Burgdorf, and the castle of that place was assigned to him for a teacher's seminary, by means of which it was proposed to put the public instruction of the whole country upon a uniform plan.

The next place we find Pestalozzi is in the castle of Yoerdon, which is in the Canton de Vaud, on the south side of the lake of Neufchatel. This castle was given him by the Canton de Vaud, under whose patronage he opened his seminary. The plan laid down for his establishment here, embraced languages, ancient and modern; geography, natural history, physical science, mathematics, singing, history, and religion.

Here, at the castle of Yoerdon, he had nothing but bare walls and beautiful scenery. Yet even this soon became a busy and a happy spot, for he made his school a Christian family, in which persons of all ages, of all ranks, and of the opposite character, were united by the unaffected love of Pestalozzi. But he was more fitted to theorise and originate than to work out his own ideas: his last establishment fell to pieces for want of a proper director. He died February 27th, 1827, at the age of 82 years, after having reaped no other reward for his labours than his own inward satisfaction.

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