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its functions; description-Well made laps; causes of un-
equal laps-A new automatic feed suggested-Clayton's lap
roller Remarks: qualities of this class of machines; speeds;
construction; cleansing; oiling.
CHAPTER V. CARDING AND COMBING.
CARDING: its necessity; its importance and purposes-De-
velopment of the modern card, from Paul, Hargreaves, and
Arkwright's improvements-Description of the roller card-
Summarized statement of its functions; how accomplished-
The process examined in its progress—Methods of altering
the work-Extensive use of the roller card-The self-
stripping flat or Wellman card; causes of its invention;
improvement in this country-Dobson and Barlow's Wellman
card-The revolving flat card; recent improvements-Com-
bination and other cards-Card clothing; for licker-in, main
cylinder, rollers, clearers, and doffer-Location of cards;
adjustment; setting of rollers and clearers-Double cards-
The Derby doubler-Breaker and finisher cards-Light
carding-Grinding; by hand; by machine-Points of card
teeth: needle point, diamond point, chisel point, and hooked
point; how to attain the good points and how to avoid the
bad ones- s-Differing estimates of the qualities of roller, flat,
and revolving flat cards-Cotton injured by overworking-
Severe treatment in the roller card-COMBING; indispensable
for fine counts-Invention of the combing machine; descrip-
tion; process of combing-Improvement of the machine in
England; Dobson and Barlow's improvements-Imbs' comb-
ing machine for short staple cottons ; description
CHAPTER VI. DRAWING, SLUBBING, AND ROVING.
DRAWING: definition; its objects; doubling or combining
slivers; minimizing irregularities; theoretical results-
Practical imperfections of doubling in past times; progres-
sive improvement-Extension of the process; causes of this
-The drawing frame: description; speeds of rollers; their
action-Details of construction-Its development-The elec-
tric stop motion-Varieties of cotton-Requirements in the
drawing process-Location of drawing frames; freedom
from damp and draughts required-SLUBBING: definition,
description-Intermediate, or Second Slubbing, a repetition
of the preceding-ROVING: definition-Roving frame: de-
scription-Differential motion of the spindles and bobbins in
bobbin-and-fly frames, in the slubbing, intermediate, and
roving frames; a nice problem in mechanics; Holdsworth's
solution-The principle explained and illustrated; successive
layers; the traverse; winding of each layer; diminution of
PAGE
73-107
108-145
coils-Spindles of the three frames-Mechanism of the
roving frame; connection between its parts; description;
operation; the driving, roller, spindle, and bobbin shafts;
jack in the box; the cones, method of operating them; the
traverse movement; acceleration of speed-Reversal of
traverse and how obtained-Traverse of the slubbing—
Doffing-Altering draughts-The intermediate, and the
slubbing frames
CHAPTER VII. DEVELOPMENT OF SPINNING.
Spinning its antiquity; conjectural origin; the first spindle
-Definition of spinning-The whorl; the distaff-Spinning
as described by ancient historians-The hand wheel; its first
appearance in Europe; in India-The Jersey, or common
hand wheel; its development from the spindle; the driving
wheel, the wharve-Similarity between the European wheel
and the Indian wheel; European wheel used for wool and
cotton; process of spinning upon it-The flax wheel, or the
Brunswick and Saxony wheels; the flyer-The two-handed
wheel; the traverse-The connection between the old and
the new systems of spinning--Cotton: antiquity of its culti-
vation and manufacture-India, the birthplace of the manu-
facture; its extensive manufacture in that country-Sterility
of Indian invention-Kay's inventions a stimulus to further
improvements-Widespread influence of inventions in the
cotton trade
CHAPTER VIII. THE MODERN SYSTEM OF SPINNING.
Commencement of the modern system-Quality of hand-spun
yarn-Kay's inventions, the first impulse to improvement—
Scarcity of yarns—Hargreaves' jenny—Description of the
jenny; its operation-The single-thread hand-spinning wheel
Hargreaves model-The Saxony wheel probably unknown
to him-Description of the Saxony wheel, single and two-
thread-Extensive adoption of Hargreaves' invention-
Richard Arkwright; the barber's shop a good school; itine-
rant hair-dealing; the Saxony wheel the model of Ark-
wright's invention-Arkwright's claims as an inventor dis-
puted-Arkwright's labours; his assistants-Description of
his invention-Comparison between the jenny and the water
frame-Paul and Wyatt's labours suggestive to Arkwright
-Arkwright not the inventor of the flyer; his adoption of
Coniah Wood's traverse; the principle of the water frame
adaptable to roving, slubbing, and drawing-The progress
of invention-Haley-Samuel Crompton-His combination
of Hargreaves' and Arkwright's machines, and improve-
ments upon them--The jenny adapted for a slubbing frame;
146-189
190-199
description-Improvement of the roving frames-Baker's
inventions--Hargreaves of Tottington-Kelly's application
of water power to the mule-Wright's improvement; the
squaring band-Steam power-Kennedy's improvement in
fine spinning mules-Transfer of spinning from females to
males-Manual requirements of the mule-Eaton's copping
motion-The self-actor mule-Its requirements-The counter
faller-Differential motion of the spindles The self-acting
mule a mechanical triumph-Its qualities-Roberts' genius. 200-230
CHAPTER IX. THE MODERN Mule.
Present comparative perfection of the mule-The head-stock,
with illustrations-Means of actuating the drawing-rollers,
spindles, and carriage-Stopping the carriage and the revo-
lution of the spindles-Backing off; movement of the faller
-Drawing in of the carriage-Winding mechanism—Har-
monious operation of the parts in action--More detailed
description; development of the various parts-The faller
wire motion, and its operation-Building the cop-The
counter faller wire-The backing-off mechanism-The wind-
ing quadrant and its function-Recent removal of several
imperfections-Copping apparatus controlling the backing-
off movement-The loose incline-Improvement in the
backing-off chain tightening motion; causes of its require-
ment-Imperfection of the winding apparatus as left by
Roberts Successive improvements-Messrs. Platt Bros. and
Co.'s automatic nosing motion-Improvement in the click
wheel-The stretching process in early mules; succeeded
by the "gain"-The former plan retained for "medium
fine" and "fine" mules-" The jacking motion," and its ad-
juncts, the jacking delivery and the winding delivery motions
of the rollers-Retention of the hand mule for the finest
yarns-Its improvement-Self-acting mule for finest yarns-
Backing off and winding-The quadrant and its improve-
ment-Automatic regulation of the fallers; the lifting
motion; locking and unlocking of the faller; winding; and
backing off-Speed of the parts; changes; replacement-
Threlfall's self-acting mule for high numbers
231-290
CHAPTER X. THROSTLE AND RING SPINNING. DOUBLING.
The throstle, an improved form of Arkwright's water frame-
Description-Attempts to improve it-The Danforth throstle
-The Montgomery throstle Shaw and Cottam's improve-
ment-Doffing, an expensive process; Bernhardt's doffing
arrangement; the throstle ceased to be constructed-THE
RING FRAME; its popularity-Defects of the throstle, the
origin of the ring frame--The throstle in the United States;
reasons for its prevalence there-Invention of the Ring
Frame-Practical defects in it; its rejection in England-
Its improvement, and re-introduction-Success as a doubling
frame-Slow acceptance as a spinning frame-The Booth-
Sawyer spindle; the Rabbeth spindle-The ring spinning
frame for warp yarn; description; process of spinning; the
traveller; the ring; the lifting chain; the lift of the bobbin
Description of the Rabbeth spindle-Doffing; the mechani-
cal doffer-Inclined arrangement of the rollers-Ballooning
-The anti-balloon ring-The traveller clearer-Increasing
popularity of the ring frame-Its use for spinning weft in
the United States; the weft frame in England and on the
Continent Doubling Doubled yarns
The throstle
doubling frame; disadvantages Improved throstle doubling
frame Characteristics of throstle-doubled yarns The
twiner-Yarns from the twiner-The ring doubling frame;
its popularity-Description - The English and Scotch
systems
-
CHAPTER XI. MISCELLANEA.
Useful hints-To find the area of the safety valve of a boiler-
To find the pressure upon each square inch of a safety valve-
To find the weight on every square inch of a valve where the
weight is hung to it-To find a weight to hang on a valve to
resist a given pressure-Steam engines-Horse power-To find
the nominal horse power of a condensing engine-Of a high
pressure engine-To find the indicated horse power-To find
the commercial horse power-Shafting-To find speed of second
motion shaft-To find speed of a belt or rope driven power—
Testing cotton-Card clothing; conditioning-Oil paint to be
avoided-Covering iron cylinders—- Twist; to find the proper
amount-The twist of slubbings and rovings-Counts of yarn—
Cotton yarn measure— -Avoirdupois weight used for cotton yarn
-French system of numbering yarns-To reduce English to
French nos. To reduce French to English nos.— -Strength of
yarns; table showing; means of ascertaining-The strength of
the cotton fibre utilized in yarns; American cotton yarns;
Egyptian-Filaments in cross section- Twist for doubling of
yarns
--
Flanging;
291-321
322-336
Cotton mill boilers Dimensions Furnaces
boiler
power; evaporative power-To estimate the number of
boilers required-Inspection; cleaning; safety valves; low
water alarms; pipes, feed, and steam connections-Boiler
setting, with illustrations-Engines-Economizers - Feed
water temperature - Position of economizer -
draught Oil consumption-Driving-Mechanical stokers. 337-349
Chimney
42-3. Diagram explanatory of winding process 44. Spindle gearing and bobbin traverse
170
174
45.
Differential driving arrangements
175
gearing.
177