its functions; description-Well made laps; causes of un-

equal laps-A new automatic feed suggested-Clayton's lap

roller Remarks: qualities of this class of machines; speeds;

construction; cleansing; oiling.

CHAPTER V. CARDING AND COMBING.

CARDING: its necessity; its importance and purposes-De-

velopment of the modern card, from Paul, Hargreaves, and

Arkwright's improvements-Description of the roller card-

Summarized statement of its functions; how accomplished-

The process examined in its progress—Methods of altering

the work-Extensive use of the roller card-The self-

stripping flat or Wellman card; causes of its invention;

improvement in this country-Dobson and Barlow's Wellman

card-The revolving flat card; recent improvements-Com-

bination and other cards-Card clothing; for licker-in, main

cylinder, rollers, clearers, and doffer-Location of cards;

adjustment; setting of rollers and clearers-Double cards-

The Derby doubler-Breaker and finisher cards-Light

carding-Grinding; by hand; by machine-Points of card

teeth: needle point, diamond point, chisel point, and hooked

point; how to attain the good points and how to avoid the

bad ones-
s-Differing estimates of the qualities of roller, flat,

and revolving flat cards-Cotton injured by overworking-

Severe treatment in the roller card-COMBING; indispensable

for fine counts-Invention of the combing machine; descrip-

tion; process of combing-Improvement of the machine in

England; Dobson and Barlow's improvements-Imbs' comb-

ing machine for short staple cottons ; description

CHAPTER VI. DRAWING, SLUBBING, AND ROVING.

DRAWING: definition; its objects; doubling or combining

slivers; minimizing irregularities; theoretical results-

Practical imperfections of doubling in past times; progres-

sive improvement-Extension of the process; causes of this

-The drawing frame: description; speeds of rollers; their

action-Details of construction-Its development-The elec-

tric stop motion-Varieties of cotton-Requirements in the

drawing process-Location of drawing frames; freedom

from damp and draughts required-SLUBBING: definition,

description-Intermediate, or Second Slubbing, a repetition

of the preceding-ROVING: definition-Roving frame: de-

scription-Differential motion of the spindles and bobbins in

bobbin-and-fly frames, in the slubbing, intermediate, and

roving frames; a nice problem in mechanics; Holdsworth's

solution-The principle explained and illustrated; successive

layers; the traverse; winding of each layer; diminution of

PAGE

73-107

108-145

PAGE

coils-Spindles of the three frames-Mechanism of the

roving frame; connection between its parts; description;

operation; the driving, roller, spindle, and bobbin shafts;

jack in the box; the cones, method of operating them; the

traverse movement; acceleration of speed-Reversal of

traverse and how obtained-Traverse of the slubbing—

Doffing-Altering draughts-The intermediate, and the

slubbing frames

CHAPTER VII. DEVELOPMENT OF SPINNING.

Spinning its antiquity; conjectural origin; the first spindle

-Definition of spinning-The whorl; the distaff-Spinning

as described by ancient historians-The hand wheel; its first

appearance in Europe; in India-The Jersey, or common

hand wheel; its development from the spindle; the driving

wheel, the wharve-Similarity between the European wheel

and the Indian wheel; European wheel used for wool and

cotton; process of spinning upon it-The flax wheel, or the

Brunswick and Saxony wheels; the flyer-The two-handed

wheel; the traverse-The connection between the old and

the new systems of spinning--Cotton: antiquity of its culti-

vation and manufacture-India, the birthplace of the manu-

facture; its extensive manufacture in that country-Sterility

of Indian invention-Kay's inventions a stimulus to further

improvements-Widespread influence of inventions in the

cotton trade

CHAPTER VIII. THE MODERN SYSTEM OF SPINNING.

Commencement of the modern system-Quality of hand-spun

yarn-Kay's inventions, the first impulse to improvement—

Scarcity of yarns—Hargreaves' jenny—Description of the

jenny; its operation-The single-thread hand-spinning wheel

Hargreaves model-The Saxony wheel probably unknown

to him-Description of the Saxony wheel, single and two-

thread-Extensive adoption of Hargreaves' invention-

Richard Arkwright; the barber's shop a good school; itine-

rant hair-dealing; the Saxony wheel the model of Ark-

wright's invention-Arkwright's claims as an inventor dis-

puted-Arkwright's labours; his assistants-Description of

his invention-Comparison between the jenny and the water

frame-Paul and Wyatt's labours suggestive to Arkwright

-Arkwright not the inventor of the flyer; his adoption of

Coniah Wood's traverse; the principle of the water frame

adaptable to roving, slubbing, and drawing-The progress

of invention-Haley-Samuel Crompton-His combination

of Hargreaves' and Arkwright's machines, and improve-

ments upon them--The jenny adapted for a slubbing frame;

146-189

190-199

PAGE

description-Improvement of the roving frames-Baker's

inventions--Hargreaves of Tottington-Kelly's application

of water power to the mule-Wright's improvement; the

squaring band-Steam power-Kennedy's improvement in

fine spinning mules-Transfer of spinning from females to

males-Manual requirements of the mule-Eaton's copping

motion-The self-actor mule-Its requirements-The counter

faller-Differential motion of the spindles The self-acting

mule a mechanical triumph-Its qualities-Roberts' genius. 200-230

CHAPTER IX. THE MODERN Mule.

Present comparative perfection of the mule-The head-stock,

with illustrations-Means of actuating the drawing-rollers,

spindles, and carriage-Stopping the carriage and the revo-

lution of the spindles-Backing off; movement of the faller

-Drawing in of the carriage-Winding mechanism—Har-

monious operation of the parts in action--More detailed

description; development of the various parts-The faller

wire motion, and its operation-Building the cop-The

counter faller wire-The backing-off mechanism-The wind-

ing quadrant and its function-Recent removal of several

imperfections-Copping apparatus controlling the backing-

off movement-The loose incline-Improvement in the

backing-off chain tightening motion; causes of its require-

ment-Imperfection of the winding apparatus as left by

Roberts Successive improvements-Messrs. Platt Bros. and

Co.'s automatic nosing motion-Improvement in the click

wheel-The stretching process in early mules; succeeded

by the "gain"-The former plan retained for "medium

fine" and "fine" mules-" The jacking motion," and its ad-

juncts, the jacking delivery and the winding delivery motions

of the rollers-Retention of the hand mule for the finest

yarns-Its improvement-Self-acting mule for finest yarns-

Backing off and winding-The quadrant and its improve-

ment-Automatic regulation of the fallers; the lifting

motion; locking and unlocking of the faller; winding; and

backing off-Speed of the parts; changes; replacement-

Threlfall's self-acting mule for high numbers

231-290

CHAPTER X. THROSTLE AND RING SPINNING. DOUBLING.

The throstle, an improved form of Arkwright's water frame-

Description-Attempts to improve it-The Danforth throstle

-The Montgomery throstle Shaw and Cottam's improve-

ment-Doffing, an expensive process; Bernhardt's doffing

arrangement; the throstle ceased to be constructed-THE

RING FRAME; its popularity-Defects of the throstle, the

origin of the ring frame--The throstle in the United States;

reasons for its prevalence there-Invention of the Ring

Frame-Practical defects in it; its rejection in England-

Its improvement, and re-introduction-Success as a doubling

frame-Slow acceptance as a spinning frame-The Booth-

Sawyer spindle; the Rabbeth spindle-The ring spinning

frame for warp yarn; description; process of spinning; the

traveller; the ring; the lifting chain; the lift of the bobbin

Description of the Rabbeth spindle-Doffing; the mechani-

cal doffer-Inclined arrangement of the rollers-Ballooning

-The anti-balloon ring-The traveller clearer-Increasing

popularity of the ring frame-Its use for spinning weft in

the United States; the weft frame in England and on the

Continent Doubling Doubled yarns

The throstle

doubling frame; disadvantages Improved throstle doubling

frame Characteristics of throstle-doubled yarns The

twiner-Yarns from the twiner-The ring doubling frame;

its popularity-Description - The English and Scotch

systems

-

CHAPTER XI. MISCELLANEA.

Useful hints-To find the area of the safety valve of a boiler-

To find the pressure upon each square inch of a safety valve-

To find the weight on every square inch of a valve where the

weight is hung to it-To find a weight to hang on a valve to

resist a given pressure-Steam engines-Horse power-To find

the nominal horse power of a condensing engine-Of a high

pressure engine-To find the indicated horse power-To find

the commercial horse power-Shafting-To find speed of second

motion shaft-To find speed of a belt or rope driven power—

Testing cotton-Card clothing; conditioning-Oil paint to be

avoided-Covering iron cylinders—- Twist; to find the proper

amount-The twist of slubbings and rovings-Counts of yarn—

Cotton yarn measure— -Avoirdupois weight used for cotton yarn

-French system of numbering yarns-To reduce English to

French nos. To reduce French to English nos.— -Strength of

yarns; table showing; means of ascertaining-The strength of

the cotton fibre utilized in yarns; American cotton yarns;

Egyptian-Filaments in cross section- Twist for doubling of

yarns

--

-

Flanging;

PAGE

291-321

322-336

Cotton mill boilers Dimensions Furnaces

boiler

power; evaporative power-To estimate the number of

boilers required-Inspection; cleaning; safety valves; low

water alarms; pipes, feed, and steam connections-Boiler

setting, with illustrations-Engines-Economizers - Feed

water temperature - Position of economizer -

draught Oil consumption-Driving-Mechanical stokers. 337-349

Chimney

42-3. Diagram explanatory of winding process 44. Spindle gearing and bobbin traverse

170

174

45.

Differential driving arrangements

175

gearing.

177