General System Theory: Foundations, Development, ApplicationsAn attempt to formulate common laws that apply to virtually every scientific field, this conceptual approach has had a profound impact on such widely diverse disciplines as biology, economics, psychology, and demography. |
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Page 141
... Open Systems We express this by saying that living systems are basically open systems ( Burton , 1939 ; von Bertalanffy , 1940a ; Chapter 5 ) . An ... systems derives from two The Model of Open System 141 Some Characteristics of Open Systems.
... Open Systems We express this by saying that living systems are basically open systems ( Burton , 1939 ; von Bertalanffy , 1940a ; Chapter 5 ) . An ... systems derives from two The Model of Open System 141 Some Characteristics of Open Systems.
Page 149
... open system theory ( Chapter 7 ) . Not only the cell , organism , etc. , may be considered as open system , but also higher integrations , such as biocoenoses , etc. ( cf. Beier , 1962 , 1965 ) ... Open System 149 Open Systems and Cybernetics.
... open system theory ( Chapter 7 ) . Not only the cell , organism , etc. , may be considered as open system , but also higher integrations , such as biocoenoses , etc. ( cf. Beier , 1962 , 1965 ) ... Open System 149 Open Systems and Cybernetics.
Page 160
... open systems . If we take a look at changes of open systems in time , we also find remarkable characteristics . Such changes may occur because the living system initially is in an unstable state and tends toward a steady state ; such ...
... open systems . If we take a look at changes of open systems in time , we also find remarkable characteristics . Such changes may occur because the living system initially is in an unstable state and tends toward a steady state ; such ...
Contents
Introduction | 8 |
On the History of Systems Theory | 10 |
Trends in Systems Theory | 17 |
Copyright | |
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allometric animals appears applied approach aspects atoms basic Bertalanffy biological catabolism causality cell characteristics chemical classical classical physics closed systems complex components consideration considered constant contrast cultural cybernetics defined differential equations dynamic elements energy entities entropy equifinality equilibrium essentially evolution example existence experience expressed fact feedback fields formulation function game theory growth curves homeostasis homeostatic important increase individual information theory interaction isomorphic kinetics language laws living organism Lotka Ludwig von Bertalanffy machine mathematical means mechanisms mechanistic mental metabolic rate modern nature open systems organismic phenomena philosophy physics physiological possible present principle problems processes protein psychology psychophysical quantitative reaction reality regulations relations scientific sense servomechanisms similar so-called social sciences sociology specific steady structure symbolic system concept system theory teleology theoretical theory of open thermodynamics tion Unity of Science universe vitalistic Volterra whole world picture York
References to this book
The Roots of Modern Environmentalism David Pepper,John W. Perkins,Martyn J. Youngs No preview available - 1984 |